SET 1
| advance | способствовать; приближать, ускорять; продвигаться |
| pursue | преследовать, продолжать, заниматься; искать, добиваться |
| attend to | обращать внимание; уделять внимание |
| asset | имущество; средства; активы; ценное качество, вклад |
| priority | приоритет |
| undergo | подвергаться, испытывать, переносить |
| foster | поощрять, воспитывать, благоприятствовать |
| trigger | инициировать, вызывать, дать начало |
| tangible | материальный, ощутимый, осязаемый |
| feasible | возможный, осуществимый, выполнимый, вероятный |
PREPOSITIONS
- success in
- threat to
- prospect of
- tension over
- regardless of
- paradox for
- renege on
- belonging to
- option for
- opportunities for
- approach to
- account for
- basis for
- contribute to
- attend to
FLASHCARDS
SYNONYMS
SET 2
| resort to | обращаться за помощью к, прибегать к |
| extension | расширение, продолжение, удлинение, распространение |
| vulnerable | уязвимый, ранимый |
| substantial | существенный, значительный, важный |
| benevolent | благотворительный, доброжелательный |
| stymie | загнать в угол, ставить в тупик, безвыходное положение |
| combat | вести бой, сражаться, бороться |
| capacity | вместимость, мощность, способность, объем |
| promote | способствовать, поощрять, продвигать, стимулировать |
| amplify | увеличивать, расширять; усиливать |
PREPOSITIONS
- resort to
- in response to
- demands for
- answer to
- suffer from
- relative to
- owing to
- benefit from
- deal with
- restrict to
FLASHCARDS
SYNONYMS
SET 3
| deter | удерживать, останавливать |
| apparently | по-видимому, очевидно, вероятно |
| unprecedented | беспрецедентный |
| incentive | стимул, побуждение |
| implication | смысл, значение, подтекст |
| expose | подвергать, показывать |
| embrace | включать, заключать в себе, охватывать |
| resilience | стойкость, жизнеспособность |
| robust | крепкий, сильный, устойчивый |
| shift | менять, изменять, перемещать |
PREPOSITIONS
- a reduction in
- central to
- implication for
- reaction to
- expose to
- shelter from
- at any rate
- revert to
- exemplify by
- response to
- at a pace
- critical for
- credited with
- accuse of
- at the level
FLASHCARDS
SYNONYMS
SET 4
| mitigate | смягчать, уменьшать |
| enhance | повышать, усиливать, увеличивать |
| disrupt | разрушать, срывать, разрывать |
| restrict | ограничивать, держать в определённых пределах; сводить к |
| scrutiny | изучение, исследование, внимательный осмотр |
| diversify | разнообразить, варьировать |
| emergence | появление, возникновение |
| undermine | подрывать, разрушать |
| erode | разрушать, разъедать, размывать |
| boost | форсировать, повышать, стимулировать, ускорять |
PREPOSITIONS
- to some extent
- depend on
- support for
- rely on
- with regard to
- access to
- incentive for
- emphasis on
- increase in
- strain on
FLASHCARDS
SYNONYMS
SET 5
| anticipate | ожидать, предвосхищать, предчувствовать |
| concession | уступка |
| postpone | откладывать, отсрочивать |
| determine | определять, устанавливать |
| reject | отвергать, отклонять |
| crucial | решающий, ключевой, критический |
| compliance | согласие, соблюдение, соответствие |
| abandon | отказываться от, оставлять, покидать |
| reluctant | вынужденный, неохотный |
| enforcement | приведение в исполнение |
PREPOSITIONS
- obstacle to
- consequences for
- in particular
- change for the better
- reasons for
- benefits of
- relate to
- acceptable to
- focused on
- compliance with
- disregard for
- succeed in
- invest in
- sanctions for
- on the grounds
FLASHCARDS
SYNONYMS
SET 6
| eventually | в конечном счете |
| enduring | прочный, продолжительный |
| derive | получать, происходить, вытекать |
| distinctive | отличительный, особый, характерный |
| conform | соответствовать, подчиняться |
| overlapping | перекрывающий(ся); частично совпадающий |
| superimpose | накладывать, впечатывать |
| converge | сходиться в одной точке, сосредоточиваться |
| envisage | предусматривать, предвидеть, намечать |
| secure | гарантировать, укреплять, обеспечивать (безопасность) |
PREPOSITIONS
- emerge from
- lead to
- subordination to
- derive from
- date from
- conform to
- worthy of
- motive for
- accompanied by
- problems for
- model on
- respect for
- interference in
- integrate into
- squabble over
FLASHCARDS
SYNONYMS
SET 7
| clout | влияние, авторитет, мощь, вес |
| profound | глубокий, основательный, фундаментальный |
| impact | воздействие, влияние |
| bolster | поддерживать, укреплять |
| insulate | отделять, обособлять, изолировать |
| pivotal | основной, центральный, кардинальный |
| facilitate | содействовать, способствовать, облегчать, продвигать |
| evolve | развивать, развертывать |
| stance | позиция, установка |
| reinforce | укреплять, усиливать, подкреплять |
PREPOSITIONS
- grapple with
- under pressure
- an impact on
- faced with
- insulated against
- respond to
- at scale
- praise for
- discriminate against
- integral to
- give rise to
- at risk
- commitment to
- vision for
- stance on
VOCABULARY NOTES 1
VOCABULARY NOTES 2
| resort to прибегать, обращаться | definition to have recourse for use, help, or accomplishing something, often as a final available option or resource synonyms recourse, recur collocations to resort to warresort to [drastic, emergency] measures resort to [violence, killing] (without) resorting to dirty [tricks, play] |
| extension расширение, продолжение, удлинение, распространение | definition an act or instance of extending, lengthening, stretching out, or enlarging the scope of something synonyms lengthening, enlargement, prolonging, augmentation, expansion, increase, protraction collocations a [loan, credit, payment, mortgage] extension [asked, applied] for a [loan] extension [an assignment, an essay, a project, a homework] extension an extension of the deadline an extension of six [weeks, months, days] the [bank, government] has [granted, approved] an extension |
| vulnerable уязвимый, ранимый | definition capable of being wounded or hurt physically or emotionally; open to or defenseless against criticism or moral attack; open to assault; difficult to defend synonyms unprotected, defenseless, exposed, susceptible, sensitive, liable, subject collocations vulnerable [patients, residents, families, children] vulnerable [groups, sections, areas, property] are vulnerable to [floods, disasters, attacks] have been left vulnerable by the [decision, storm] found themselves in a vulnerable [position, situation] have become [increasingly] vulnerable amongst the most vulnerable areas the most vulnerable in [society, the area] |
| substantial существенный, значительный, важный | definition of a considerable size or value, having wealth or importance, sufficient and nourishing synonyms considerable, ample, abundant, plentiful, sizable, large-scale, consequential, important collocations a substantial [number, amount, quantity] (of) has a substantial amount of [food, money, ammunition] a substantial [decrease, fall, growth, rise] (in) a substantial [decrease] in [interest, profits, price, value] the [army, enemy, forces] suffered substantial losses the [market, company, organization] reported substantial [profits, losses] is substantial in terms of [size, number, impact] is substantial [against, compared to] |
| benevolent благотворительный, доброжелательный | definition characterized by or expressing goodwill or kindly feelings; intended for benefits rather than profit synonyms generous, altruistic, kindly, charitable, beneficent, compassionate, sympathetic collocations a benevolent smile gifts from benevolent alumnia benevolent attitude a benevolent institution |
| stymie загнать в угол, ставить в тупик, безвыходное положение | definition to block or prevent from proceeding or going forward synonyms impede, obstruct, hamper, block collocations stymie growing protests stymie access stymie the career |
| combat вести бой, сражаться, бороться | definition to fight or contend against;oppose vigorously synonyms oppose, resist, contend with, do battle with, counter collocations combat crime, problem, drug, pollution, inflation, terrorism, threat, unimployment, abuse, desease, effects, racism |
| capacity вместимость, мощность, способность, объем | definition the maximum amount or number that can be contained;volume; the power or ability of the mind; mental ability, ability to perform, yield, or withstand synonyms ability, capacity, skill, aptitude, facility, competence, faculty, capability, potential, inclination collocations a maximum capacity of [40,000] [people, guests] the capacity is [limited, restricted] to [40,000] the capacity has been [extended, boosted, increased] to is full to capacity is at full capacity has the capacity to [provide, meet, produce, make] [mental, emotional, cognitive] capacities the [child’s, student’s] capacity to [learn, improve] |
| promote способствовать, поощрять, продвигать, стимулировать | definition encourage; to advance in rank or position; to aid in organizing synonyms material, physical, substantial, touchable, concrete, visible, observable collocations promoted from [assistant, manager] promoted to [manager, CEO] promote (good) health (and wellbeing) promote a [positive, healthy, better] promote the [development, interests, growth, health] of promote economic [growth, development] (in)promote [awareness, understanding, acceptance, openness] promote [the event, a concert, his movie] |
| amplify увеличивать, расширять; усиливать | definition to make larger, greater, or stronger synonyms enlarge, extend, increase, intensify, raise, expand , magnify, inflate, enlarge, augment collocations amplify creativity, energy, positive attitudes, enrollment |
VOCABULARY NOTES 3
| deter удерживать, останавливать | definition to discourage or restrain from acting or proceeding synonyms hinder, hamper, impede, inhibit, curb, prevent, forestall collocations (to) deter [trespassers, thieves, burglars] (to) deter [speeding, theft, vandalism] |
| apparently по-видимому, очевидно, вероятно | definition as far as can be known or supposed; obviously; clearly synonyms seemingly, evidently, allegedly, supposedly, presumably collocations apparently, it is [going, supposed] to [rain, storm, snow] was apparently an [accident, suicide, murder] apparently it was an [accident] apparently, we’re not [allowed, going, supposed] to |
| unprecedented беспрецедентный | definition without previous instance; never before known/ experienced synonyms uncommon, unique , unusual, unexampled, unparalleled collocations an unprecedented decision an unprecedented [display, performance] (of) an unprecedented [social, sporting, political] event an unprecedented [rise, fall, growth, increase, decrease] (in) an unprecedented [level, extent, degree] of [CO2, lead, unemployment] unprecedented [personal, economic, financial] growth unprecedented in [modern, human, political] terms |
| incentive стимул, побуждение | definition a positive motivational influence; an additional payment (or other remuneration) to employees as a means of increasing output synonyms motivation, motive, stimulus collocations a [financial, cash, tax] incentive a [little, strong] incentive (to)[tax] incentives for [creating, employing, reducing] an incentive to [make, help, get, keep] offer their [employees, workers] an incentive (to)an investment incentive incentives for [people, companies, citizens] incentives and rewards |
| implication смысл, значение, подтекст | definition inferred, deduced or entailed synonyms consequence, result, ramification, outcome, repercussions, effects collocations political implications to consider the implications of the implications of the theory |
| expose подвергать, показывать | definition to lay open to danger, attack, or harm; to present to view;exhibit synonyms uncover, reveal, disclose; display, exhibit collocations expose your [skin, face, eyes] to the sun expose to [high, low, freezing] temperatures the [politician, student, teacher] was exposed to [ridicule, criticism] exposed to [the elements, bad language] |
| embrace включать, заключать в себе, охватывать | definition to accept or adopt willingly; to include or contain synonyms adopt, follow, support, include, enclose, encompass collocations embrace the [idea, thought, concept, words, philosophy] of embrace [change, diversity] embrace [technology, the modern world, the new way of life, their culture] |
| resilience стойкость, жизнеспособность | definition the ability of a person to adjust to or recover readily from illness, adversity, major life changes; the ability of a system or organization to respond to or recover readily from a crisis, disruptive process synonyms flexibility, strength, stamina, adaptability collocations [tough, strong, weak, no, little] resilience [extreme, great, remarkable] resiliencethe resilience of [workers, consumers, the economy, a nation] resilience to [trauma, setbacks, attacks, shocks] [build up, develop, improve, boost] resilience resilience to [high temperatures, extreme pressure] |
| robust крепкий, сильный, устойчивый | definition strong and healthy; hardy; vigorous synonyms sturdy, tough, dynamic, powerful collocations a robust [method, framework] a robust approach towardsa robust [system, program, version] a robust economy robust [growth, expansion, health] |
| shift менять, изменять, перемещать | definition to put aside/ replace; change or exchange, to transfer from one place, position, person, etc., to another synonyms modify, vary, adjust, alter collocations shift your [position, opinion] on shift sides to shift your [thinking, perspective, ideas] shifting towards [greater, higher, better] [communism, the left] shift away from the [noise, flash] shift the [burden, blame, responsibility, burden, emphasis] |
VOCABULARY NOTES 4
| mitigate смягчать, уменьшать | definition to lessen in force or intensity; make less severe synonyms alleviate, relieve, diminish, decrease, reduce collocations to mitigate punishment to mitigate penalty to mitigate risks to mitigate losses to mitigate competition to mitigate the effect to mitigate the loss |
| enhance повышать, усиливать, увеличивать | definition to increase the value, attractiveness, or quality of;improve synonyms intensify,boost, magnify, amplify, strengthen collocations enhance the [quality, performance] of enhance the [understanding, awareness] of enhance the security of the [building, country, school] enhance the [taste, flavor, appeal] of enhance communication [between, within, among] |
| disrupt разрушать, срывать, разрывать | definition to cause disorder or turmoil in, to interrupt the normal operation of synonyms interfere with, intrude on, obstruct, meddle, breach collocations disrupt the [meeting, conversation, peace, proceedings] disrupt the [progress, growth, development] of disrupted the lives of [millions, the residents] |
| restrict ограничивать, держать в определённых пределах; сводить к | definition to keep within limits, as of space, action, amount synonyms restrain , curb, confine, limit, contain collocations restrict [access, entry, imports] to [the web, the internet, websites, sites] [access] was restricted to [members, professionals, ex-students] [access] was restricted by [management, IT, the organizers] restrict movement |
| scrutiny изучение, исследование, внимательный осмотр | definition a searching and careful examination or investigation synonyms inspection, check, audit, survey, observation, probe collocations under the [government’s, public’s, regulator’s, interviewer’s, panel’s] scrutiny under the (close) scrutiny of the [government] [examine, review, inspect] under formal scrutiny [actions, movements, dealings] are under (close) scrutiny |
| diversify разнообразить, варьировать | definition to give or increase variety, to expand (a business or product line) by manufacturing a larger variety of different products synonyms vary, expand, broaden, branch out, change, stretch, diverge collocations to diversify the assortment to diversify the economy to diversify risks to diversify production to diversify the base |
| emergence появление, возникновение | definition the appearance of new properties or species in the course of development or evolution synonyms appearance, rise, inception, birth, beginning, start collocations emergence of a tendencyemergence from a recession emergence of many new nations |
| undermine подрывать, разрушать | definition to weaken or destroy by degrees, to attack by indirect, secret, or hidden means synonyms sabotage, subvert, overthrow, damage, threaten, destroy, ruin, compromise collocations undermine [authority, position, confidence, health] undermine [efforts, hard work, the progress made] undermine the [structure, foundations, formation] |
| erode разрушать, разъедать, размывать | definition to cause to be destroyed by slowly using up or disintegrating, to disappear gradually synonyms crumble, decay, corrode, waste, ravage, spoil collocations erode differences erode enemy forces erode power erode public support erode sovereignty erode stability |
| boost форсировать, повышать, стимулировать, ускорять | definition to increase; raise synonyms aid, promote, lift, expand, enlarge, intensify, escalate collocations to boost prices, economy, salaries, morale |
VOCABULARY NOTES 5
VOCABULARY NOTES 6
| eventually в конечном счете | definition at the very end; finally synonyms finally; ultimately collocations (it) eventually [led to, resulted in, caused] was eventually [elected, chosen, wounded] eventually [won, stopped, crashed] |
| enduring прочный, продолжительный | definition lasting; permanent synonyms long-standing, constant, consistent, ongoing collocations enduring [freedom, prosperity, peace] the enduring [legacy, vision, power] of |
| derive получать, происходить, вытекать | definition to receive or obtain from a source or origin; produce synonyms stem from, originate in, arise from collocations derive [benefit, satisfaction, pleasure] (from) derives its meaning from [Greek, the context, your tone] derive [conclusions, results] (from, about) |
| distinctive отличительный, особый, характерный | definition serving to distinguish; characteristic synonyms typical, particular, unique, individual, special, different collocations distinctive in [quality, appearance, shape] a distinctive [smell, flavor, taste] distinctive features/ characteristics of |
| conform соответствовать, подчиняться | definition to act in accordance or agreement; comply synonyms obey, adhere, fulfill, satisfy collocations conform to [the norm, the status quo, society] conform to [expectations, requirements, regulations] conform to (certain) [social norms, conventions, rules] conform to someone else’s [ideas, ideals] |
| overlapping перекрывающий(ся); частично совпадающий | definition to have something in common or come together partly with synonyms coinciding, superimposed, projecting collocations overlapping ages/ counties/ sectors/ routes |
| superimpose накладывать, впечатывать | definition to put, place, or set over or on something else synonyms cover, overlay collocations superimpose conditions superimpose one image on another superimpose a map on |
| converge сходиться в одной точке, сосредоточиваться | definition to tend to meet at a point; to develop toward a common result synonyms merge, assemble, concentrate, focalise, meet collocations converge schedules converge to strong conclusions |
| envisage предусматривать, предвидеть, намечать | definition to imagine happening; visualize; envision synonyms foresee, predict, anticipate, envision, forecast collocations envisage [difficulties, issues, problems] envisage [a scenario, the circumstances, a situation] |
| secure гарантировать, укреплять, обеспечивать (безопасность) | definition to make certain of; ensure; make safe; obtain synonyms gain, attain, acquire, assure, protect collocations secure the [victory, win] secure the [position, niche, title] |
VOCABULARY NOTES 7
| clout влияние, авторитет, мощь, вес | definition strong influence; having a superior or more favorable position synonyms leverage, might, power collocations have considerable clout in the [committee, department, organization] wield/ pull/ carry/ hold a lot of clout |
| profound глубокий, основательный, фундаментальный | definition of the greatest intensity; complete; relatively deep or strong; affecting one deeply synonyms deep, extensive, total, intense collocations a profound [sense, feeling, state] of have a profound [impact, influence, effect] (on) raise profound [questions, concerns] (about) |
| impact воздействие, влияние | definition influence, as the force carried by a new idea, etc. synonyms effect, influence, ramifications, result, consequence collocations a [positive, negative, adverse] impact have a [big, huge, small, noticeable] impact |
| bolster поддерживать, укреплять | definition support, or uphold synonyms reinforce, strengthen, underpin, boost collocations bolster confidence/ career/ theory |
| insulate отделять, обособлять, изолировать | definition to place in an isolated situation or condition; segregate; set apart synonyms separate, single out collocations insulate from the region’s political problems insulate children from painful experiences |
| pivotal основной, центральный, кардинальный | definition of vital or critical importance synonyms crucial, central, principal, critical, essential collocations a pivotal [point, moment] a pivotal [figure, influence] in [played, had] a pivotal role (in) pivotal to [success, the deal] |
| facilitate содействовать, способствовать, облегчать, продвигать | definition make something easier or more likely to happen synonyms promote, simplify, assist collocations facilitate the [growth, development, trade, use] (of) facilitate [access, communication, learning, understanding] |
| evolve развивать, развертывать | definition come forth gradually into being; develop synonyms develop, unfold, expand, elaborate collocations evolved [independently, separately] continues to evolve evolve at a rapid pace |
| stance позиция, установка | definition a mental or emotional position or opinion taken with respect to something synonyms attitude, position, opinion, viewpoint, standpoint, perspective collocations take a stance on the issue [social, political, economic] stance take an aggressive stance towards/ against take a proactive stance towards |
| reinforce укреплять, усиливать, подкреплять | definition to make more forceful or effective; strengthen; support synonyms strengthen, support, underpin, fortify collocations reinforce the [idea, notion, concept] reinforce feelings/ opinion/ judgment |