FOCUS WORDS

LIST

A

abandon

abundance 

adherent

advance

albeit

allocate

amplify

anticipate

apparently

articulate

asset

attend to

B

backlash

benevolent

blueprint 

bolster

boost

C

capacity

clout

combat

commitment 

compatible

compliance

conceive

concession

conform

constrained

contentious

controversial

converge

counterweight 

crucial

D

decay

depletion

derive

deter

determine 

dispense

disrupt

distinct 

distinctive

diversify

E

embrace

emergence

enable

encompass

encounter

endowment 

enduring 

enhance

enforcement 

envisage

eventually

epitomize 

erode

evolve

expedite 

expose

extension

F

facilitate

feasible

foment

forbid

foster

framework

frustration

G

H

hasten

I

impact

impede

impediment

impel

imperative 

implication

incentive

indispensable

inevitable

insulate

intrusive

J

K

L

looming

M

meddling

milestone 

mismatch 

mitigate

N

O

obtain

overlapping

P

permit

persistent

perspective

pivotal 

populous

postpone

powerhouse

precipitate 

precursor

predicate

preoccupy

priority

profound

promote

pursue

putative

Q

R

reconcile 

reflect

reinforce

reject

reluctant

reside 

resilience

resort to

restrict

robust

S

scrutiny

secure

shift

shrink

stalled 

stance

stringent

stymie

subject to

subsequent

substantial

substantive

sufficient 

superimpose

susceptible

T

tangible

tensions

tentatively

trigger

U

ultimate 

undergo

underlying

undermine

underscore 

unprecedented

unviable

upcoming

V

vulnerable

W

X

Y

Z

SET 1

advance	способствовать; приближать, ускорять; продвигаться
pursue	преследовать, продолжать, заниматься; искать, добиваться
attend to	обращать внимание; уделять внимание
asset	имущество; средства; активы; ценное качество, вклад
priority	приоритет
undergo	подвергаться, испытывать, переносить
foster	поощрять, воспитывать, благоприятствовать
trigger	инициировать, вызывать, дать начало
tangible	материальный, ощутимый, осязаемый
feasible	возможный, осуществимый, выполнимый, вероятный

PREPOSITIONS

1. success in
2. threat to
3. prospect of
4. tension over
5. regardless of
6. paradox for 
7. renege on
8. belonging to
9. option for
10. opportunities for 
11. approach to
12. account for
13. basis for
14. contribute to 
15. attend to

FLASHCARDS

SYNONYMS

SET 2

resort to	обращаться за помощью к, прибегать к
extension	расширение, продолжение, удлинение, распространение
vulnerable	уязвимый, ранимый
substantial	существенный, значительный, важный
benevolent	благотворительный, доброжелательный
stymie	загнать в угол, ставить в тупик, безвыходное положение
combat	вести бой, сражаться, бороться
capacity	вместимость, мощность, способность, объем
promote	способствовать, поощрять, продвигать, стимулировать
amplify	увеличивать, расширять; усиливать

PREPOSITIONS

1. resort to
2. in response to
3. demands for 
4. answer to 
5. suffer from 
6. relative to 
7. owing to 
8. benefit from 
9. deal with 
10. restrict to

FLASHCARDS

SYNONYMS

SET 3

deter	удерживать, останавливать
apparently	по-видимому, очевидно, вероятно
unprecedented	беспрецедентный
incentive	стимул, побуждение
implication	смысл, значение, подтекст
expose	подвергать, показывать
embrace	включать, заключать в себе, охватывать
resilience	стойкость, жизнеспособность
robust	крепкий, сильный, устойчивый
shift	менять, изменять, перемещать

PREPOSITIONS

1. a reduction in
2. central to
3. implication for 
4. reaction to 
5. expose to
6. shelter from
7. at any rate
8. revert to
9. exemplify by
10. response to 
11. at a pace
12. critical for
13. credited with 
14. accuse of
15. at the level

FLASHCARDS

SYNONYMS

SET 4

mitigate	смягчать, уменьшать
enhance	повышать, усиливать, увеличивать
disrupt	разрушать, срывать, разрывать
restrict	ограничивать, держать в определённых пределах; сводить к
scrutiny	изучение, исследование, внимательный осмотр
diversify	разнообразить, варьировать
emergence	появление, возникновение
undermine	подрывать, разрушать
erode	разрушать, разъедать, размывать
boost	форсировать, повышать, стимулировать, ускорять

PREPOSITIONS

1. to some extent
2. depend on 
3. support for 
4. rely on
5. with regard to
6. access to
7. incentive for
8. emphasis on 
9. increase in
10. strain on 

FLASHCARDS

SYNONYMS

SET 5

anticipate	ожидать, предвосхищать, предчувствовать
concession	уступка
postpone	откладывать, отсрочивать
determine	определять, устанавливать
reject	отвергать, отклонять
crucial	решающий, ключевой, критический
compliance	согласие, соблюдение, соответствие
abandon	отказываться от, оставлять, покидать
reluctant	вынужденный, неохотный
enforcement	приведение в исполнение

PREPOSITIONS

1. obstacle to 
2. consequences for
3. in particular
4. change for the better
5. reasons for
6. benefits of
7. relate to 
8. acceptable to
9. focused on
10. compliance with
11. disregard for
12. succeed in
13. invest in 
14. sanctions for
15. on the grounds

FLASHCARDS

SYNONYMS

SET 6

eventually	в конечном счете
enduring	прочный, продолжительный
derive	получать, происходить, вытекать
distinctive	отличительный, особый, характерный
conform	соответствовать, подчиняться
overlapping	перекрывающий(ся); частично совпадающий
superimpose	накладывать, впечатывать
converge	сходиться в одной точке, сосредоточиваться
envisage	предусматривать, предвидеть, намечать
secure	гарантировать, укреплять, обеспечивать (безопасность)

PREPOSITIONS

1. emerge from 
2. lead to
3. subordination to 
4. derive from 
5. date from 
6. conform to
7. worthy of
8. motive for
9. accompanied by 
10. problems for
11. model on
12. respect for
13. interference in
14. integrate into
15. squabble over

FLASHCARDS

SYNONYMS

SET 7

clout	влияние, авторитет, мощь, вес
profound	глубокий, основательный, фундаментальный
impact	воздействие, влияние
bolster	поддерживать, укреплять
insulate	отделять, обособлять, изолировать
pivotal	основной, центральный, кардинальный
facilitate	содействовать, способствовать, облегчать, продвигать
evolve	развивать, развертывать
stance	позиция, установка
reinforce	укреплять, усиливать, подкреплять

PREPOSITIONS

1. grapple with 
2. under pressure
3. an impact on
4. faced with
5. insulated against 
6. respond to
7. at scale
8. praise for
9. discriminate against 
10. integral to
11. give rise to 
12. at risk
13. commitment to
14. vision for 
15. stance on

FLASHCARDS

SYNONYMS

SET 8

upcoming	наступающий, предстоящий
underlying	основной, лежащий в основе, подразумеваемый, скрытый
precursor	предшественник, предвестник
intrusive	навязчивый, назойливый
foment	разжигать, раздувать, подстрекать
framework	рамки, основа, структура, каркас
sufficient	достаточный
impediment	препятствие, помеха, задержка
conceive	постигать, понимать, представлять себе, задумывать
predicate	утверждать; заявлять, основывать

PREPOSITIONS

1. on the agenda
2. accounts for
3. stem from
4. subject to 
5. precursor for
6. equivalent of
7. aim at
8. on the contrary
9. support for
10. for these reasons
11. to one’s credit
12. owing to
13. impediments to
14. forum for
15. predicate upon

FLASHCARDS

SYNONYMS

SET 9

decay	ослабление, упадок, распад
powerhouse	центр власти, влияния
counterweight	противовес
frustration	разочарование, расстройство, срыв, крушение
substantive	значительный, существенный
tensions	напряженные отношения; трения; конфликт
stalled	застойный, тупиковый
looming	надвигаться, принимать угрожающие размеры
meddling	вмешательство
controversial	спорный, дискуссионный

PREPOSITIONS

1. counterweight to 
2. barriers to 
3. in exchange for
4. put on trial
5. access to
6. resort to
7. meddling with/ in
8. similar to
9. different from 
10. on the rise

FLASHCARDS

SYNONYMS

SET 10

reside	находиться, принадлежать
distinct	отдельный, особый, отчетливый, определенный
subject to	подвергаться, зависеть от
abundance	множество, избыток
depletion	истощение, опустошение
impede	препятствовать, мешать, затруднять, задерживать
susceptible	восприимчивый, поддающийся, допускающий
allocate	распределять, назначать, отчислить
capacity	мощность, способность, возможность, объем
constrained	ограниченный, сдержанный

PREPOSITIONS

1. refer to  
2. defined by
3. derive from
4. range from
5. dependent on 
6. demand for
7. burden on
8. allocate to
9. subject to 
10. vital to
11. susceptible to 
12. in the long-run
13. constrained to
14. engage in 
15. in an effort 

FLASHCARDS

SYNONYMS

SET 15

endowment	пожертвование, вклад, дар
milestone	веха, этап
ultimate	окончательный, максимальный, предельный, основной
reflect	отражать, отражаться, размышлять
hasten	спешить, ускорять
preoccupy	занимать внимание, поглощать внимание
persistent	стойкий, постоянный, настойчивый
enable	позволять, разрешать, давать возможность, делать возможным
mismatch	плохое сочетание, несоответствие
imperative	необходимый, срочный

PREPOSITIONS

1. diverse in 
2. key to 
3. entered into force
4. at the sub-regional level
5. succeed in 
6. preoccupied with 
7. under financial strain
8. owing to 
9. dependence on 
10. essential to

FLASHCARDS

SYNONYMS

SET 16

precipitate	ускорять; усугублять
commitment	обязательство, приверженность; убеждения
underscore	подчеркивать, акцентировать
encompass	заключать, касаться
reconcile	согласовать, согласовывать, примирять
expedite	ускорять, содействовать
epitomize	воплощать, резюмировать
dispense	обходиться (без чего-л.)
contentious	спорный
blueprint	план, проект, программа

PREPOSITIONS

1. commitment to
2. respond to
3. regardless of 
4. envisioned in
5. account for
6. priority for
7. on average
8. compliance with 
9. gear up for
10. appeals for 
11. focus on
12. implication for 
13. incorporated into 
14. along with 
15. dispense with

FLASHCARDS

SYNONYMS

SET 17

shrink	сокращать, сокращаться, сжиматься
encounter	сталкиваться, наталкиваться
adherent	сторонник, приверженец
inevitable	неизбежный, неминуемый
albeit	хотя, тем не менее, даже хотя
stringent	строгий, точный, обязательный, веский, убедительный
obtain	получать, приобретать, добиваться, достигать
forbid	запрещать, не позволять
permit	лицензия, пропуск
articulate	ясно выражать, формулировать

PREPOSITIONS

1. to shrink by 
2. accompanied by 
3. encounter X xenophobic attitudes
4. with respect to 
5. aware of
6. access to
7. with regard to 
8. engage in 
9. integrated into
10. similar to

FLASHCARDS

SYNONYMS

SET 18

unviable	несостоятельный, нежизнеспособный, нерентабельный
populous	густонаселенный, многолюдный
subsequent	последующий, более поздний
perspective	вид, точка зрения, видение, подход
putative	предполагаемый, мнимый
impel	побуждать, принуждать
tentatively	предварительно, в предварительном порядке, ориентировочно
compatible	совместимый, сочетаемый
indispensable	необходимый, незаменимый, обязательный
backlash	отрицательная реакция, ответный удар

PREPOSITIONS

1. marked by 
2. concluded with 
3. within the framework
4. under the provisions
5. regard as 
6. shield by 
7. associate with 
8. against the background
9. perspective on 
10. dissent from

FLASHCARDS

SYNONYMS

---

VOCABULARY NOTES 1

advance способствовать; приближать, ускорять; продвигаться	definition to move or go forward; proceed; to increase in quantity, value, price; to improve or make progress; to grow or rise in importance, status synonyms move forward, proceed, go forward, continue, progress collocations advance [with caution, carefully, slowly] advance in [your career, in the company] advance through [time, the years, generations] advance [humanity, society, the nation, your career][failed, efforts] to advance (the) [negotiations, talks] advance the [understanding, development, cause] of
pursue преследовать, продолжать, заниматься; искать, добиваться	definition to follow in order to overtake; to strive to gain; seek to attain or accomplish synonyms follow, track, engage, participate collocations to pursue a goal to pursue an aim/objective to pursue a policy  to pursue a career
attend to обращать внимание;  уделять внимание	definition pay attention to; take seriously; to deal with somebody/something synonyms assist, take care of, look after collocations attend to [business, the matter at hand] (have) [business] to attend  to attend to the needs
asset имущество; средства; активы; ценное качество, вклад	definition a useful or valuable quality, item synonyms belongings, holding, property, aid, benefit, resource, service collocations [public, private] assets [digital, capital, real, total, net] assets is a [liquid, fixed, variable] asset is [an important, an essential, a valuable] asset (to) an asset of the [public, people, company] [allocate, invest, protect, insure, liquidate, sell off] your assets has [a number, many] assets
priority приоритет	definition status established in order of importance or urgency  synonyms precedence collocations should be treated as a priority should be considered a priority your [number one, top] priority it is your [number one] priority to [go, pick up, find, complete] this [project, assignment, task] is your [number one] priority make it your [number one] priority it is a priority to [ensure, provide, get] is of the [utmost, highest] priority has never been a priority
undergo подвергаться, испытывать, переносить	definition to be subjected to; experience; pass through, to endure; sustain; suffer synonyms to experience; to endure; sustain; suffer collocations undergo [a procedure, an operation] is undergoing [treatment, therapy, surgery] (for) has undergone a major [change, breakup, move] undergo (further) [training, testing, renovation, development] has undergone (extensive) [training] undergo (additional) [scrutiny, examination, screening] undergo [starvation, deprivation, hardships]
foster поощрять, воспитывать, благоприятствовать	definition to promote the growth or development of; further; encourage synonyms promote , encourage , cultivate, advance , nurture collocations foster a [child, dog] [woman, family] who fosters [children, orphans] foster the [creation, development, growth] of foster and [promote, encourage, support] foster a sense of [responsibility, pride] is fostering (a sense of) resentment foster [negative, destructive] thoughts
trigger инициировать, вызывать, дать начало	definition to initiate or precipitate; put in motion or move to act synonyms cause, generate, produce, prompt, provoke, activate, incite collocations trigger the [alarm] triggers [asthma, allergies] [can, may] trigger the [symptoms, disease] triggered by [stress, poor diet] triggered to [produce, release, send] triggered the [development, creation, invention] of trigger the [collapse, destruction] of the [company, organization, empire, government]
tangible материальный, ощутимый, осязаемый	definition that can be touched, definite; not vague; clear synonyms material, physical, substantial, touchable, concrete, visible, observable collocations tangible [goals, targets, objectives] make a tangible [improvement, difference, contribution] [have, calculate, sell] tangible assets present tangible [evidence, proof] [reach, set] a tangible goal the goal [seems, looks] tangible
feasible возможный, осуществимый, выполнимый, вероятный	definition capable of being done, effected, or accomplished, probable; likely synonyms possible, doable, achievable, attainable, practicable, workable collocations it is (not) feasible to [have, use, provide] it is (not) feasible for them to [have] is (not) feasible for [many, some] is not feasible for [investment, travel] is not feasible at present [is, seems, would be] perfectly feasible it’s technically feasible, but

VOCABULARY NOTES 2

resort to прибегать, обращаться	definition to have recourse for use, help, or accomplishing something, often as a final available option or resource synonyms recourse, recur collocations to resort to warresort to [drastic, emergency] measures resort to [violence, killing] (without) resorting to dirty [tricks, play]
extension расширение, продолжение, удлинение, распространение	definition an act or instance of extending, lengthening, stretching out, or enlarging the scope of something synonyms lengthening, enlargement, prolonging, augmentation, expansion, increase, protraction collocations a [loan, credit, payment, mortgage] extension [asked, applied] for a [loan] extension [an assignment, an essay, a project, a homework] extension an extension of the deadline an extension of six [weeks, months, days] the [bank, government] has [granted, approved] an extension
vulnerable уязвимый, ранимый	definition capable of being wounded or hurt physically or emotionally; open to or defenseless against criticism or moral attack; open to assault; difficult to defend synonyms unprotected, defenseless, exposed, susceptible, sensitive, liable, subject  collocations vulnerable [patients, residents, families, children] vulnerable [groups, sections, areas, property] are vulnerable to [floods, disasters, attacks] have been left vulnerable by the [decision, storm] found themselves in a vulnerable [position, situation] have become [increasingly] vulnerable amongst the most vulnerable areas the most vulnerable in [society, the area]
substantial  существенный, значительный, важный	definition of a considerable size or value, having wealth or importance, sufficient and nourishing synonyms considerable, ample, abundant, plentiful, sizable, large-scale, consequential, important collocations a substantial [number, amount, quantity] (of) has a substantial amount of [food, money, ammunition] a substantial [decrease, fall, growth, rise] (in) a substantial [decrease] in [interest, profits, price, value] the [army, enemy, forces] suffered substantial losses the [market, company, organization] reported substantial [profits, losses] is substantial in terms of [size, number, impact] is substantial [against, compared to]
benevolent благотворительный, доброжелательный	definition characterized by or expressing goodwill or kindly feelings; intended for benefits rather than profit synonyms generous, altruistic, kindly, charitable, beneficent, compassionate, sympathetic collocations a benevolent smile gifts from benevolent alumnia benevolent attitude a benevolent institution
stymie загнать в угол, ставить в тупик, безвыходное положение	definition to block or prevent from proceeding or going forward synonyms impede, obstruct, hamper, block collocations stymie growing protests stymie access stymie the career
combat вести бой, сражаться, бороться	definition to fight or contend against;oppose vigorously synonyms oppose, resist, contend with, do battle with, counter collocations combat crime, problem, drug, pollution, inflation, terrorism, threat, unimployment, abuse, desease, effects, racism
capacity вместимость, мощность, способность, объем	definition the maximum amount or number that can be contained;volume; the power or ability of the mind; mental ability, ability to perform, yield, or withstand synonyms ability, capacity, skill, aptitude, facility, competence, faculty, capability, potential, inclination collocations a maximum capacity of [40,000] [people, guests] the capacity is [limited, restricted] to [40,000] the capacity has been [extended, boosted, increased] to is full to capacity is at full capacity has the capacity to [provide, meet, produce, make] [mental, emotional, cognitive] capacities the [child’s, student’s] capacity to [learn, improve]
promote способствовать, поощрять, продвигать, стимулировать	definition encourage; to advance in rank or position; to aid in organizing  synonyms material, physical, substantial, touchable, concrete, visible, observable collocations promoted from [assistant, manager] promoted to [manager, CEO] promote (good) health (and wellbeing) promote a [positive, healthy, better] promote the [development, interests, growth, health] of promote economic [growth, development] (in)promote [awareness, understanding, acceptance, openness] promote [the event, a concert, his movie]
amplify увеличивать, расширять; усиливать	definition to make larger, greater, or stronger synonyms enlarge, extend, increase, intensify, raise, expand , magnify, inflate, enlarge, augment collocations amplify creativity, energy, positive attitudes, enrollment

VOCABULARY NOTES 3

deter удерживать, останавливать	definition to discourage or restrain from acting or proceeding synonyms hinder, hamper, impede, inhibit, curb, prevent, forestall collocations (to) deter [trespassers, thieves, burglars] (to) deter [speeding, theft, vandalism]
apparently по-видимому, очевидно, вероятно	definition as far as can be known or supposed; obviously; clearly synonyms seemingly, evidently, allegedly, supposedly, presumably  collocations apparently, it is [going, supposed] to [rain, storm, snow]  was apparently an [accident, suicide, murder] apparently it was an [accident] apparently, we’re not [allowed, going, supposed] to
unprecedented беспрецедентный	definition without previous instance; never before known/ experienced synonyms  uncommon, unique , unusual, unexampled, unparalleled collocations an unprecedented decision an unprecedented [display, performance] (of) an unprecedented [social, sporting, political] event an unprecedented [rise, fall, growth, increase, decrease] (in) an unprecedented [level, extent, degree] of [CO2, lead, unemployment] unprecedented [personal, economic, financial] growth unprecedented in [modern, human, political] terms
incentive стимул, побуждение	definition       a positive motivational influence; an additional payment (or other remuneration) to employees as a means of increasing output synonyms motivation, motive, stimulus collocations a [financial, cash, tax] incentive a [little, strong] incentive (to)[tax] incentives for [creating, employing, reducing] an incentive to [make, help, get, keep] offer their [employees, workers] an incentive (to)an investment incentive incentives for [people, companies, citizens] incentives and rewards
implication смысл, значение, подтекст	definition           inferred, deduced or entailed  synonyms consequence, result, ramification, outcome, repercussions, effects collocations political implications to consider the implications of  the implications of the theory
expose подвергать, показывать	definition to lay open to danger, attack, or harm; to present to view;exhibit synonyms uncover, reveal, disclose; display, exhibit  collocations expose your [skin, face, eyes] to the sun expose to [high, low, freezing] temperatures the [politician, student, teacher] was exposed to [ridicule, criticism] exposed to [the elements, bad language]
embrace включать, заключать в себе, охватывать	definition to accept or adopt willingly; to include or contain synonyms adopt, follow, support, include, enclose, encompass  collocations embrace the [idea, thought, concept, words, philosophy] of embrace [change, diversity] embrace [technology, the modern world, the new way of life, their culture]
resilience стойкость, жизнеспособность	definition the ability of a person to adjust to or recover readily from illness, adversity, major life changes; the ability of a system or organization to respond to or recover readily from a crisis, disruptive process synonyms flexibility, strength, stamina, adaptability collocations [tough, strong, weak, no, little] resilience [extreme, great, remarkable] resiliencethe resilience of [workers, consumers, the economy, a nation] resilience to [trauma, setbacks, attacks, shocks] [build up, develop, improve, boost] resilience resilience to [high temperatures, extreme pressure]
robust крепкий, сильный, устойчивый	definition strong and healthy; hardy; vigorous synonyms sturdy, tough, dynamic, powerful  collocations a robust [method, framework] a robust approach towardsa robust [system, program, version] a robust economy robust [growth, expansion, health]
shift менять, изменять, перемещать	definition to put aside/ replace; change or exchange, to transfer from one place, position, person, etc., to another  synonyms modify, vary, adjust, alter  collocations shift your [position, opinion] on shift sides to  shift your [thinking, perspective, ideas] shifting towards [greater, higher, better] [communism, the left] shift away from the [noise, flash] shift the [burden, blame, responsibility, burden, emphasis]

VOCABULARY NOTES 4

mitigate смягчать, уменьшать	definition to lessen in force or intensity; make less severe synonyms alleviate, relieve, diminish, decrease, reduce collocations to mitigate punishment  to mitigate penalty  to mitigate risks  to mitigate losses  to mitigate competition  to mitigate the effect to mitigate the loss
enhance повышать, усиливать, увеличивать	definition to increase the value, attractiveness, or quality of;improve synonyms intensify,boost, magnify, amplify, strengthen collocations enhance the [quality, performance] of enhance the [understanding, awareness] of enhance the security of the [building, country, school] enhance the [taste, flavor, appeal] of enhance communication [between, within, among]
disrupt разрушать, срывать, разрывать	definition to cause disorder or turmoil in, to interrupt the normal operation of synonyms interfere with, intrude on, obstruct, meddle, breach collocations     disrupt the [meeting, conversation, peace, proceedings]     disrupt the [progress, growth, development] of     disrupted the lives of [millions, the residents]
restrict ограничивать, держать в определённых пределах; сводить к	definition to keep within limits, as of space, action, amount synonyms restrain , curb, confine, limit, contain collocations restrict [access, entry, imports] to [the web, the internet, websites, sites] [access] was restricted to [members, professionals, ex-students] [access] was restricted by [management, IT, the organizers] restrict movement
scrutiny изучение, исследование, внимательный осмотр	definition a searching and careful examination or investigation synonyms inspection, check, audit, survey, observation, probe  collocations under the [government’s, public’s, regulator’s, interviewer’s, panel’s] scrutiny under the (close) scrutiny of the [government] [examine, review, inspect] under formal scrutiny [actions, movements, dealings] are under (close) scrutiny
diversify разнообразить, варьировать	definition to give or increase variety, to expand (a business or product line) by manufacturing a larger variety of different products  synonyms vary, expand, broaden, branch out, change, stretch, diverge collocations to diversify the assortment  to diversify the economy  to diversify risks  to diversify production to diversify the base
emergence появление, возникновение	definition the appearance of new properties or species in the course of development or evolution synonyms appearance, rise, inception, birth, beginning, start  collocations emergence of a tendencyemergence from a recession emergence of many new nations
undermine подрывать, разрушать	definition to weaken or destroy by degrees, to attack by indirect, secret, or hidden means synonyms sabotage, subvert, overthrow, damage, threaten, destroy, ruin, compromise   collocations undermine [authority, position, confidence, health]           undermine [efforts, hard work, the progress made]           undermine the [structure, foundations, formation]
erode разрушать, разъедать, размывать	definition to cause to be destroyed by slowly using up or disintegrating, to disappear gradually synonyms crumble, decay, corrode, waste, ravage, spoil collocations erode differences  erode enemy forces  erode power erode public support erode sovereignty  erode stability
boost форсировать, повышать, стимулировать, ускорять	definition to increase; raise synonyms aid, promote, lift, expand, enlarge, intensify, escalate collocations to boost prices, economy, salaries, morale

VOCABULARY NOTES 5

anticipate ожидать, предвосхищать, предчувствовать, опасаться	definition to realize or feel beforehand; foresee synonyms expect, predict  collocations to anticipate success [happy solution, favourable decision] to anticipate a failure [a refusal, a disaster]
concession уступка	definition the act of yielding, as a right, a privilege, or a point or fact in an argument synonyms negotiation, compromise, granting, yielding collocations won [some, important, several] concessions [refuses, unwilling, not willing] to make any concessions [demand, seek] further concessions
postpone откладывать, отсрочивать	definition to put (something) off to a later time synonyms delay, put off, defer, suspend  collocations postpone [the meeting, the match, your vacation, his decision] postponed due to [illness, vacations, the weather]
determine  определять, устанавливать	definition to conclude or figure out, to settle, resolve, or decide  synonyms define, decide, outline collocations to determine a position, to determine a dispute, determine the quantity
reject отвергать, отклонять	definition to refuse to have, take, use, recognize; to refuse to accept or admit synonyms refuse, decline collocations to reject smb.’s demand  to reject an idea, an offer
crucial решающий, ключевой, критический	definition of highest, greatest, or most critical importance synonyms critical, key, vital, pivotal, essential, fundamental, decisive collocations it is crucial that you [don’t forget, go, remember] is crucial for [success, understanding] was crucial in [preparing, determining, preparing] …played a crucial role in [proved, turned out] to be crucial
compliance согласие	definition conformity; accordance synonyms obedience, observance, submission collocations [total, complete, full] compliance [demands, ensures, requires] compliance (with)[regulatory, corporate, environmental] compliance [achieve, determine] compliance (through) in [full] compliance with the [rules] compliance with the [rules, plan, standards, regulations]
abandon  отказываться от, оставлять, покидать	definition to leave completely and finally; to give up; withdraw from synonyms cast aside, depart, surrender, cancel  collocations to abandon a right to abandon a theory  to abandon hope
reluctant   вынужденный, неохотный	definition unwilling; not inclined to do something, marked by hesitation  synonyms hesitant, disinclined, unenthusiastic, opposed, adverse, uncertain  collocations reluctant [members, supporters, students, readers] (of) received the reluctant [support, acceptance, approval] of was reluctant to [go, leave, take, accept, do, offer]
enforcement  приведение в исполнение	definition the act of enforcing; ensuring observance of or obedience to synonyms implementation, administering, execution, fulfilling, forcing collocations [law, regulations, security, police] enforcement [local, state, national] law enforcement [full, total, complete, strict, effective] enforcement of the law the enforcement of [sanctions, penalties, bans]

VOCABULARY NOTES 6

eventually  в конечном счете	definition at the very end; finally  synonyms finally; ultimately collocations (it) eventually [led to, resulted in, caused] was eventually [elected, chosen, wounded] eventually [won, stopped, crashed]
enduring  прочный, продолжительный	definition lasting; permanent synonyms long-standing, constant, consistent, ongoing  collocations enduring [freedom, prosperity, peace] the enduring [legacy, vision, power] of
derive получать, происходить, вытекать	definition to receive or obtain from a source or origin; produce synonyms stem from, originate in, arise from collocations derive [benefit, satisfaction, pleasure] (from) derives its meaning from [Greek, the context, your tone] derive [conclusions, results] (from, about)
distinctive  отличительный, особый, характерный	definition serving to distinguish; characteristic synonyms typical, particular, unique, individual, special, different collocations distinctive in [quality, appearance, shape] a distinctive [smell, flavor, taste]          distinctive features/ characteristics of
conform соответствовать, подчиняться	definition to act in accordance or agreement; comply synonyms obey, adhere, fulfill, satisfy  collocations conform to [the norm, the status quo, society] conform to [expectations, requirements, regulations] conform to (certain) [social norms, conventions, rules] conform to someone else’s [ideas, ideals]
overlapping  перекрывающий(ся); частично совпадающий	definition to have something in common or come together partly with synonyms coinciding, superimposed, projecting collocations overlapping ages/ counties/ sectors/ routes
superimpose  накладывать, впечатывать	definition to put, place, or set over or on something else synonyms cover, overlay collocations superimpose conditions superimpose one image on another superimpose a map on
converge сходиться в одной точке, сосредоточиваться	definition to tend to meet at a point; to develop toward a common result synonyms merge, assemble, concentrate, focalise, meet collocations converge schedules converge to strong conclusions
envisage  предусматривать, предвидеть, намечать	definition to imagine happening; visualize; envision synonyms foresee, predict, anticipate, envision, forecast  collocations envisage [difficulties, issues, problems] envisage [a scenario, the circumstances, a situation]
secure  гарантировать, укреплять, обеспечивать (безопасность)	definition to make certain of; ensure; make safe; obtain synonyms gain, attain, acquire, assure, protect collocations secure the [victory, win] secure the [position, niche, title]

VOCABULARY NOTES 7

clout влияние, авторитет, мощь, вес	definition strong influence; having a superior or more favorable position synonyms leverage, might, power  collocations have considerable clout in the [committee, department, organization] wield/ pull/ carry/ hold a lot of clout
profound  глубокий, основательный, фундаментальный	definition of the greatest intensity; complete; relatively deep or strong; affecting one deeply synonyms deep, extensive, total, intense collocations a profound [sense, feeling, state] of have a profound [impact, influence, effect] (on) raise profound [questions, concerns] (about)
impact  воздействие, влияние	definition influence, as the force carried by a new idea, etc. synonyms effect, influence, ramifications, result, consequence collocations a [positive, negative, adverse] impact have a [big, huge, small, noticeable] impact
bolster поддерживать, укреплять	definition support, or uphold synonyms reinforce, strengthen, underpin, boost collocations bolster confidence/ career/ theory
insulate отделять, обособлять, изолировать	definition to place in an isolated situation or condition; segregate; set apart synonyms separate, single out collocations insulate from the region’s political problems insulate children from painful experiences
pivotal  основной, центральный, кардинальный	definition of vital or critical importance synonyms crucial, central, principal, critical, essential  collocations a pivotal [point, moment]  a pivotal [figure, influence] in [played, had] a pivotal role (in) pivotal to [success, the deal]
facilitate содействовать, способствовать, облегчать, продвигать	definition make something easier or more likely to happen synonyms promote, simplify, assist collocations facilitate the [growth, development, trade, use] (of) facilitate [access, communication, learning, understanding]
evolve развивать, развертывать	definition come forth gradually into being; develop synonyms develop, unfold, expand, elaborate collocations evolved [independently, separately] continues to evolve evolve at a rapid pace
stance  позиция, установка	definition a mental or emotional position or opinion taken with respect to something synonyms attitude, position, opinion, viewpoint, standpoint, perspective collocations take a stance on the issue [social, political, economic] stance  take an aggressive stance towards/ against take a proactive stance towards
reinforce укреплять, усиливать, подкреплять	definition to make more forceful or effective; strengthen; support synonyms strengthen, support, underpin, fortify collocations reinforce the [idea, notion, concept] reinforce feelings/ opinion/ judgment

VOCABULARY NOTES 8

upcoming наступающий, предстоящий	definition about to take place, appear, or be presented synonyms approaching, imminent, impending, forthcoming, scheduled, in prospect collocations an upcoming [event, game, movie, show] upcoming this [week, month]
underlying  основной,  лежащий в основе, подразумеваемый, скрытый	definition fundamental; basic; implicit synonyms basic, fundamental, intrinsic, primary  collocations the underlying [motive, motivation, cause, reasons, problem, condition] (of) is the underlying rationale [behind, for, supporting] according to the underlying [principle, assumption, theory] the underlying [theme, message] of the [story, book, movie]
precursor  предшественник, предвестник	definition a person or thing that comes before another, as in a method synonyms predecessor, forerunner collocations precursor to election campaign/ offending/ disease
intrusive  навязчивый, назойливый	definition tending to be encroaching, invasive, trespassing  synonyms interfering, meddlesome, meddling, officious collocations intrusive cameras, scrutiny, journalists
foment разжигать, раздувать, подстрекать	definition to instigate or foster; promote the growth or development of synonyms incite, provoke, arouse, inflame, excite, encourage, stimulate collocations discord, rebellion, terror
framework  рамки,  основа,  структура,  каркас	definition a structural plan or basis of a project synonyms structure, skeleton, frame, infrastructure, architecture collocations a [national, company, wide] framework [an analytical, a political, a legal, a scientific] framework a framework for the [project, job, class] a framework to [support, guide, help, ensure]
sufficient  достаточный	definition adequate for the purpose; enough synonyms ample, plenty, adequate, satisfactory, due, decent  collocations sufficient [funds, cash, money, resources, credit, capital] give sufficient [details, information, references]
impediment препятствие,  помеха,  задержка	definition obstruction; hindrance; obstacle synonyms hindrance, obstacle, obstruction, barrier, interference, inhibition collocations to work, to practice of war
conceive постигать,  понимать, представлять себе, задумывать	definition to form an idea, notion; envision; imagine; consider; to hold as an opinion synonyms understand, comprehend,  perceive collocations difficult to conceive [why] conceived to [create, facilitate, improve, provide]
predicate утверждать; заявлять, основывать	definition to make an affirmation or assertion  synonyms affirm; assert; proclaim; declare collocations predicated upon my confidence, predicated on understanding, predicated the theory on

VOCABULARY NOTES 9

decay ослабление, упадок, распад	definition a gradual and continuing decline synonyms decline, deterioration, collapse, downfall collocations [mental, moral, physical, urban, radioactive] decay the [country, nation, economy] is in decay the [house, building] is in a state of decay fall into decay
powerhouse центр власти, влияния	definition a person, group, team, or the like, having great energy, strength, or potential for success synonyms man of action, a cooperative unit collocations powerhouse legal firm technology/ media/ production  powerhouse economic powerhouse
counterweight  противовес	definition a counterbalancing weight, influence, or force synonyms counterbalance, counterpoise, equaliser collocations a powerful regional counterweight to a powerful regional counterweight to system of weights and counterweights a vital counterweight to Western power a counterweight to skepticism
frustration  разочарование, расстройство, срыв, крушение	definition a feeling of dissatisfaction, discontent synonyms disappointment, inconvenience collocations hope and frustration through struggles and frustration  a mix of frustration and anger
substantive значительный, существенный	definition of a great or considerable amount or quantity; having practical importance, value, use, or effect synonyms essential, meaningful, considerable, significant collocations substantive record, substantive due process to make a substantive judgement and recommendation
tensions напряженные отношения; трения; конфликт	definition a strained relationship between individuals, groups, nations synonyms strain, pressure, hostility, friction, antagonism collocations diplomatic efforts to ease tensions escalate tensions  increase tensions
stalled  застойный, тупиковый	definition stop being effective, working synonyms hampered, inhibited  collocations stalled infrastructure, economy
looming надвигаться, принимать угрожающие размеры	definition to assume form as an event about to happen synonyms imminent, in sight, impending, on the horizon collocations a looming [threat of, crisis in, war, deadline, confrontation]
meddling  вмешательство	definition the act of interfering with or altering something secretly or improperly synonyms tampering, intrusion, interruption, trespass, interference collocations meddling in personal life/ affairs
controversial спорный, дискуссионный	definition subject to controversy; debatable synonyms questionable, contentious, arguable, dubious, provocative  collocations a controversial [book, article, politician]make a controversial [decision, ruling, law]the controversial [issue, question, matter] ofcontroversial [plans, programs, changes] (to)

VOCABULARY NOTES 10

reside  находиться, принадлежать	definition to abide, lie, or be present habitually; exist or be inherent  synonyms lie, rest, be located, be found, be situated, be present, be vested, exist, belong  collocations reside in [London, the city, the country, that house] reside [permanently, temporarily] resides in the fact[power, talent, strength] resides in him
distinct  отдельный, особый, отчетливый, определенный	definition distinguished as not being the same; separate; dissimilar synonyms apparent, distinctive, distinguishing, typical, peculiar to  collocations are distinct from [each other, the others] are [very, completely] distinct distinct in [character, color, style, shape]
subject to подвергаться, зависеть от	definition open or exposed to; being under the rule, control, or influence of something synonyms prone to, liable to, susceptible to, vulnerable to; dependent on, reliant on/ upon collocations have been subjected to [discrimination, racism] subjected to [such, cruel, unnecessary] humiliation subjected to [starvation, poor working conditions]
abundance множество, избыток	definition an extremely plentiful or over sufficient quantity or supply synonyms wealth, bunch, plentiful supply collocations of resources/ sites/ wealth
depletion  истощение, опустошение	definition to decrease badly; use up the supply of synonyms exhaustion, reduction, drainage, consumption, shrinkage, wasting collocations the depletion of [supplies, provisions, resources, water, ammunition] the depletion of [strength, power, resistance, energy] the depletion of the [ozone layer, arctic ice] depletion of [funds, capital, money, reserves]
impede препятствовать, мешать, затруднять, задерживать	definition to cause to slow down in movement or progress synonyms hinder, hamper, block, prevent  collocations impede their [progress, efforts, access, success, work] is impeding the [development, progress] of
susceptible  восприимчивый, поддающийся, допускающий	definition sensitive to, easily moved by, or easily touched by some influence, agency, force synonyms vulnerable, prone, inclined, liable, exposed  collocations susceptible to [damage, disease, infection, poisoning] the [birds, patients, children] are susceptible to [may, could, might] be susceptible (to)
allocate  распределять, назначать, отчислить	definition to set apart for a particular purpose; assign synonyms allot, designate, assign, appoint collocations time/ money/ budget
capacity мощность, способность, возможность, объем	definition the maximum amount or number that can be contained;volume; ability to perform, yield, or withstand synonyms limit, size, volume, range; ability, aptitude, skill, talent collocations a maximum capacity of [40,000] [people, guests] The capacity is [limited, restricted] to [40,000]. the capacity has been [extended, boosted, increased] tois at full capacity has the capacity to [provide, meet, produce, make] [mental, emotional, cognitive] capacities
constrained ограниченный, сдержанный	definition forced, compelled, or obliged synonyms restricted, restrained, confined, stifled, inhibited collocations constrained to [work, be, admit, study, accept, pay] constrained from [punching, speaking, hitting, approaching] constrained by [the law, rules, regulations, rules and regulations] constrained by [officers, her husband, friends]

VOCABULARY NOTES 15

endowment  пожертвование, вклад, дар	definition the capital that provides income for an institution synonyms           donation, grant, subsidizing, funding collocations [institutional, clerical, academic, university] endowments; receive endowment
milestone  веха, этап	definition a significant or important event in history; a significant stage in the life, progress, development synonyms pillar, turning/ critical point, landmark collocations a milestone in [science, sport, politics, history, technology] a [scientific] milestone a milestone of the [modern era, twentieth century]
ultimate  окончательный, максимальный, предельный, основной	definition decisive, total, most extreme synonyms eventual, primary, supreme, essential collocations ultimate [goal, aim, objective] is (to) with the ultimate [goal] of [getting, improving, protecting, having] the ultimate purpose of the [plan, visit, talks]
reflect отражать, отражаться, размышлять	definition to think over, to express synonyms contemplate, indicate, show, display  collocations reflect the [views, opinions] of our [company, organization] reflects the [cost, worth, value, quality]
hasten спешить, ускорять	definition move fast, act at high speed, cause to occur rapidly synonyms rush, accelerate, stimulate, quicken collocations hasten the process/ the recovery process, hasten to [add, say]
preoccupy занимать внимание, поглощать внимание	definition engage or engross the interest or attention of beforehand or occupy urgently or obsessively synonyms obsess, absorb, take the attention collocations the matter preoccupies preoccupies completely preoccupy financial markets
persistent стойкий, постоянный, настойчивый	definition continuing to do something in spite of difficulty, opposition, or criticism; lasting for a long time synonyms determined, tenacious, persevering, resolute; relentless, unceasing, incessant, constant collocations a persistent [lack, shortage, shortfall] (of) is a persistent [problem, concern, worry]
enable позволять, разрешать, давать возможность, делать возможным	definition to make able, possible; authorize; give power or ability synonyms facilitate, assist, empower collocations enable the [development, investigation, production] of enables you to achieve [your goals, success]
mismatch  плохое сочетание, несоответствие	definition  a bad or unsuitable match synonyms unsatisfactory match; inappropriate match collocations [avoid, solve, overcome, correct] the mismatch a mismatch in [criteria, arguments, figures, numbers] a mismatch of [supplies, expectations] a [complete, huge, future] mismatch
imperative  необходимый, срочный	definition absolutely necessary, an unavoidable requirement synonyms mandatory, necessary, obligatory, required, compulsory  collocations moral imperative, political imperatives become imperative it is imperative to remember

VOCABULARY NOTES 16

precipitate  ускорять; усугублять	definition to hasten the occurrence of; bring about prematurely, hastily, or suddenly synonyms accelerate, hurry, hasten collocations crisis, regime collapse, events
commitment  обязательство, приверженность; убеждения	definition a strong or firm belief shown by one’s actions; loyalty; a responsibility that takes up or occupies one’s time synonyms obligation, responsibility, dedication collocations a [financial, time, political] commitment [undying, complete, total] commitment (to) commitment to the [community, school, environment]
underscore   подчеркивать, акцентировать	definition to underline; to stress; consider as important synonyms emphasize, accentuate, highlight collocations underscore a [word, line, phrase, sentence] underscore the [issue, importance, idea] (of)
encompass заключать, касаться	definition to include completely, comprehensively; to enclose; envelop synonyms contain, comprise, incorporate, involve  collocations encompass a [range, spectrum, variety, wealth] (of) encompass a [wide, varied, considerable] [range] of
reconcile  согласовать, согласовывать, примирять	definition to compose or settle (a quarrel, dispute, etc.); to bring into agreement synonyms resolve, harmonize, accommodate, balance collocations reconcile [accounts, differences, divisions] reconciled with [her, the policy, the statements]
expedite  ускорять, содействовать	definition to speed up the progress of; perform promptly synonyms assist, promote, facilitate, advance, hasten  collocations expedite the [order, shipment, payment, approval, process, implementation] expedite your [search, request, order]
epitomize  воплощать, резюмировать	definition to contain or represent in small compass; serve as a typical example of; typify synonyms outline, summarize, compress, exemplify, illustrate, model, represent, symbolize collocations moral virtue, the attitude, the future, vision
dispense обходиться (без чего-л.)	definition to do without synonyms to do away with; forgo collocations dispense [completely, altogether] with           dispense with [formalities, the preliminaries, introductions]
contentious спорный	definition causing, involving, or characterized by argument or controversy synonyms           argumentative, antagonistic, belligerent, hostile collocations issue, meeting, proposition, subject, discussion, figure
blueprint  план, проект, программа	definition a detailed outline or plan of action synonyms           design, master plan, scheme, strategy collocations a blueprint for [action, change, success]

VOCABULARY NOTES 17

shrink сокращать, сокращаться, сжиматься	definition to contract or lessen in size; become reduced in extent, amount, or value synonyms diminish, subside, decline, compress collocations shrink in [size, fear, numbers] [growth, the economy, GDP] is shrinking
encounter  сталкиваться, наталкиваться	definition to meet, esp. unexpectedly or in conflict; to meet with or contend against (difficulties, opposition, etc.) synonyms come across, bump into, combat, battle  collocations to encounter [a setback, delays, difficulties];  encounter [several, many, all kinds of] [setbacks]
adherent сторонник, приверженец	definition a person who follows or upholds a leader, cause, etc.;supporter, follower synonyms follower, partisan, backer, supporter, advocate collocations adherents to the view; adherent to the creed; adherent to the party
inevitable неизбежный, неминуемый	definition unable to be avoided or escaped synonyms unavoidable, inescapable, unpreventable, certain collocations inevitable [result, outcome, consequence]
albeit   хотя, тем не менее, даже хотя	definition although; even if; even though
stringent  строгий, точный, обязательный, веский, убедительный	definition compelling, constraining, or urgent; demanding, strict, or severe; harshly controlled; convincing or forcible synonyms compelling, convincing; rigorous, harsh, severe  collocations stringent [identity, security] checks stringent [limits, restrictions] (on)stringent [guidelines, rules, requirements, laws, criteria]
obtain получать, приобретать, добиваться, достигать	definition to come into possession of; acquire synonyms gain, attain, acquire, capture collocations obtain information/ insurance/ credentials
forbid  запрещать, не позволять	definition to prohibit (something); make a rule or law against synonyms prohibit, ban collocations forbid [smoking, playing, running, parking] forbid [cellphones, laptops, electronic devices]
permit лицензия, пропуск	definition an official certificate of permission; licence; to allow to be done or occur synonyms   licence, authorisation, permission, grant, visa, pass collocations a permit to [construct, operate, work] the permit was [approved, denied] a [parking, demonstration, construction, hunting] permit apply for a permit
articulate  ясно выражать, формулировать	definition to put (an idea) clearly into speech synonyms put into words, express, utter, speak, verbalise collocations articulate [ideas, feelings, desires, fears, thoughts, words] it is difficult to articulate (clearly) articulate the [importance of, reasons for, need for]

VOCABULARY NOTES 18

(un)viable (не)состоятельный, (не)жизнеспособный, (не)рентабельный	definition (in)capable of being done, accomplished, existing, taking place, or proving true synonyms (in)feasible, (im)possible, (im)plausible, (im)practicable, (un)realistic collocations (not) a viable [option, plan, suggestion, solution, strategy]
populous густонаселенный, многолюдный	definition containing many people; heavily populated synonyms crowded, populated collocations a populous area, place, society, nations
subsequent  последующий, более поздний	definition occurring after; succeeding synonyms next, following , succeeding, successive collocations the subsequent [stages, phases, periods] (of)the subsequent [increase, decrease, growth] [in, of](and) its subsequent [impact, effect] [on, in](and) the subsequent [attempts, efforts] to
perspective вид, точка зрения, видение, подход	definition one’s opinion about facts, ideas, and the relationships synonyms viewpoint, angle, view, position, outlook, standpoint collocations a [different, common, new, unique] perspective (on) a [new, fresh] perspective on life the [editor’s, reader’s, viewer’s] perspective
putative  предполагаемый, мнимый	definition commonly regarded as such; reputed; supposed synonyms presumed, supposed, alleged, assumed collocations putative partner, leader, domination
impel побуждать, принуждать	definition to urge forward; to force, incite or constrain to action synonyms drive, force, urge, set in motion, propel collocations impel to produce, to exercise, to connect, to act
tentatively  предварительно, в предварительном порядке, ориентировочно	definition unsure; not definite or positive; hesitant; of the nature of or made or done as a trial, experiment, or attempt;experimental synonyms experimentally, conditionally, provisionally collocations a tentative [agreement, decision, understanding, judgment, conclusion]
compatible совместимый, сочетаемый	definition consistent; capable of existing or living together in harmony synonyms consistent, in accord, nonconflicting collocations compatible [system, program]
indispensable необходимый, незаменимый, обязательный	definition necessary or essential; incapable of being disregarded or neglected synonyms essential, vital, crucial, necessary, critical, integral  collocations an indispensable element of/ tool/ asset/ part an indispensable [staff member, employee, worker]
backlash  отрицательная реакция, ответный удар	definition a strong or violent reaction, as to some social or political change synonyms adverse reaction, response, repercussions, consequences, recoil  collocations a (political, social, media) backlash (if)