LIST

A

abandon

abundance 

adherent

advance

albeit

allocate

amplify

anticipate

apparently

articulate

asset

attend to

B

backlash

benevolent

blueprint 

bolster

boost

C

capacity

clamp down

clout

combat

commitment 

compatible

compliance

conceive

concession

conform

consent

constrained

contentious

controversial

converge

counterweight 

crucial

curtail

D

decay

depletion

derive

deter

determine 

dilute

dimension

dispense

disrupt

distinct 

distinctive

diversify

E

embrace

emergence

enable

encompass

encounter

endowment 

enduring 

enhance

enforcement 

envisage

eventually

epitomize 

erode

evolve

expedite 

expose

extension

F

facilitate

feasible

flawed

foment

forbid

foster

framework

frustration

G

H

hasten

I

impact

impede

impediment

impel

imperative 

imperil

implication

imply

incentive

inclination

indispensable

inevitable

inimical

insulate

intrusive

J

K

L

looming

M

meddling

mediate

milestone 

mismatch 

mitigate

N

nurture

O

obtain

overlapping

P

permit

persistent

perspective

pivotal 

plausible

populous

postpone

powerhouse

precipitate 

precursor

predicate

preoccupy

priority

profound

promote

pursue

purview

putative

Q

R

reconcile 

reflect

reinforce

reject

reluctant

reside 

resilience

resort to

restrict

robust

S

scrutiny

secure

shift

shrink

stalemate

stalled 

stance

standoff

stringent

stymie

subject to

subsequent

substantial

substantive

sufficient 

superimpose

surge

susceptible

T

tangible

tensions

tentatively

trigger

U

ultimate 

undergo

underlying

undermine

underscore 

unprecedented

unviable

upcoming

urge

V

violation

vulnerable

W

X

Y

Z

SET 1

FLASHCARDS

SYNONYMS

advanceспособствовать; приближать, ускорять; продвигаться
pursueпреследовать, продолжать, заниматься; искать, добиваться
attend toобращать внимание; уделять внимание
assetимущество; средства; активы; ценное качество, вклад
priorityприоритет
undergoподвергаться, испытывать, переносить
fosterпоощрять, воспитывать, благоприятствовать
triggerинициировать, вызывать, дать начало
tangibleматериальный, ощутимый, осязаемый
feasibleвозможный, осуществимый, выполнимый, вероятный

SET 2

FLASHCARDS

SYNONYMS

redefineпересмотреть, переоценить, переопределить
merge сливаться, соединяться, поглощать
constructконструкция, концепция, образ
overarchingвсеохватывающий; всеобъемлющий
consequential логически вытекающий, важный
protractedзатянувшийся; длительный
emphasizeподчеркивать, акцентировать, выделять
manifestation проявление; обнаружение
relief помощь, пособие, облегчение, снижение
domainобласть, сфера, поле деятельности

SET 3

FLASHCARDS

SYNONYMS

resort toобращаться за помощью к, прибегать к
extensionрасширение, продолжение, удлинение, распространение
vulnerableуязвимый, ранимый
substantial существенный, значительный, важный
benevolentблаготворительный, доброжелательный
stymieзагнать в угол, ставить в тупик, безвыходное положение
combatвести бой, сражаться, бороться
capacityвместимость, мощность, способность, объем
promoteспособствовать, поощрять, продвигать, стимулировать
amplifyувеличивать, расширять; усиливать

SET 4

FLASHCARDS

SYNONYMS

deterудерживать, останавливать
apparentlyпо-видимому, очевидно, вероятно
unprecedentedбеспрецедентный
incentiveстимул, побуждение
implicationсмысл, значение, подтекст
exposeподвергать, показывать
embraceвключать, заключать в себе, охватывать
resilienceстойкость, жизнеспособность
robustкрепкий, сильный, устойчивый
shiftменять, изменять, перемещать

SET 5

FLASHCARDS

SYNONYMS

mitigateсмягчать, уменьшать
enhanceповышать, усиливать, увеличивать
inherentприсущий, неотъемлемый, свойственный, врожденный
restrictограничивать, держать в определённых пределах; сводить к 
scrutinyизучение, исследование, внимательный осмотр
diversifyразнообразить, варьировать
emergenceпоявление, возникновение
undermineподрывать, разрушать
erodeразрушать, разъедать, размывать
boostфорсировать, повышать, стимулировать, ускорять

SET 1

advanceспособствовать; приближать, ускорять; продвигаться
pursueпреследовать, продолжать, заниматься; искать, добиваться
attend toобращать внимание; уделять внимание
assetимущество; средства; активы; ценное качество, вклад
priorityприоритет
undergoподвергаться, испытывать, переносить
fosterпоощрять, воспитывать, благоприятствовать
triggerинициировать, вызывать, дать начало
tangibleматериальный, ощутимый, осязаемый
feasibleвозможный, осуществимый, выполнимый, вероятный

PREPOSITIONS

  1. success in
  2. threat to
  3. prospect of
  4. tension over
  5. regardless of
  6. paradox for 
  7. renege on
  8. belonging to
  9. option for
  10. opportunities for 
  11. approach to
  12. account for
  13. basis for
  14. contribute to 
  15. attend to
FLASHCARDS
SYNONYMS

SET 2

resort toобращаться за помощью к, прибегать к
extensionрасширение, продолжение, удлинение, распространение
vulnerableуязвимый, ранимый
substantial существенный, значительный, важный
benevolentблаготворительный, доброжелательный
stymieзагнать в угол, ставить в тупик, безвыходное положение
combatвести бой, сражаться, бороться
capacityвместимость, мощность, способность, объем
promoteспособствовать, поощрять, продвигать, стимулировать
amplifyувеличивать, расширять; усиливать

PREPOSITIONS

  1. resort to
  2. in response to
  3. demands for 
  4. answer to 
  5. suffer from 
  6. relative to 
  7. owing to 
  8. benefit from 
  9. deal with 
  10. restrict to
FLASHCARDS
SYNONYMS
SET 3
deterудерживать, останавливать
apparentlyпо-видимому, очевидно, вероятно
unprecedentedбеспрецедентный
incentiveстимул, побуждение
implicationсмысл, значение, подтекст
exposeподвергать, показывать
embraceвключать, заключать в себе, охватывать
resilienceстойкость, жизнеспособность
robustкрепкий, сильный, устойчивый
shiftменять, изменять, перемещать

PREPOSITIONS

  1. a reduction in
  2. central to
  3. implication for 
  4. reaction to 
  5. expose to
  6. shelter from
  7. at any rate
  8. revert to
  9. exemplify by
  10. response to 
  11. at a pace
  12. critical for
  13. credited with 
  14. accuse of
  15. at the level
FLASHCARDS
SYNONYMS
SET 4
mitigateсмягчать, уменьшать
enhanceповышать, усиливать, увеличивать
disruptразрушать, срывать, разрывать
restrictограничивать, держать в определённых пределах; сводить к 
scrutinyизучение, исследование, внимательный осмотр
diversifyразнообразить, варьировать
emergenceпоявление, возникновение
undermineподрывать, разрушать
erodeразрушать, разъедать, размывать
boostфорсировать, повышать, стимулировать, ускорять

PREPOSITIONS

  1. to some extent
  2. depend on 
  3. support for 
  4. rely on
  5. with regard to
  6. access to
  7. incentive for
  8. emphasis on 
  9. increase in
  10. strain on 
FLASHCARDS
SYNONYMS
SET 5
anticipateожидать, предвосхищать, предчувствовать
concessionуступка
postponeоткладывать, отсрочивать
determine определять, устанавливать
rejectотвергать, отклонять
crucialрешающий, ключевой, критический
complianceсогласие, соблюдение, соответствие
abandon отказываться от, оставлять, покидать
reluctant вынужденный, неохотный
enforcement приведение в исполнение

PREPOSITIONS

  1. obstacle to 
  2. consequences for
  3. in particular
  4. change for the better
  5. reasons for
  6. benefits of
  7. relate to 
  8. acceptable to
  9. focused on
  10. compliance with
  11. disregard for
  12. succeed in
  13. invest in 
  14. sanctions for
  15. on the grounds
FLASHCARDS
SYNONYMS
SET 6
eventually в конечном счете
enduring прочный, продолжительный
deriveполучать, происходить, вытекать
distinctive отличительный, особый, характерный
conformсоответствовать, подчиняться
overlapping перекрывающий(ся); частично совпадающий
superimpose накладывать, впечатывать
convergeсходиться в одной точке, сосредоточиваться
envisage предусматривать, предвидеть, намечать
secure гарантировать, укреплять, обеспечивать (безопасность)

PREPOSITIONS

  1. emerge from 
  2. lead to
  3. subordination to 
  4. derive from 
  5. date from 
  6. conform to
  7. worthy of
  8. motive for
  9. accompanied by 
  10. problems for
  11. model on
  12. respect for
  13. interference in
  14. integrate into
  15. squabble over
FLASHCARDS
SYNONYMS
SET 7
cloutвлияние, авторитет, мощь, вес
profound глубокий, основательный, фундаментальный
impact воздействие, влияние
bolsterподдерживать, укреплять
insulateотделять, обособлять, изолировать
pivotal основной, центральный, кардинальный
facilitateсодействовать, способствовать, облегчать, продвигать
evolveразвивать, развертывать
stance позиция, установка
reinforceукреплять, усиливать, подкреплять

PREPOSITIONS

  1. grapple with 
  2. under pressure
  3. an impact on
  4. faced with
  5. insulated against 
  6. respond to
  7. at scale
  8. praise for
  9. discriminate against 
  10. integral to
  11. give rise to 
  12. at risk
  13. commitment to
  14. vision for 
  15. stance on
FLASHCARDS
SYNONYMS
SET 8
upcomingнаступающий, предстоящий
underlying основной, лежащий в основе, подразумеваемый, скрытый
precursor предшественник, предвестник
intrusive навязчивый, назойливый
fomentразжигать, раздувать, подстрекать
framework рамки, основа, структура, каркас
sufficient достаточный
impedimentпрепятствие, помеха, задержка
conceiveпостигать, понимать, представлять себе, задумывать
predicateутверждать; заявлять, основывать

PREPOSITIONS

  1. on the agenda
  2. accounts for
  3. stem from
  4. subject to 
  5. precursor for
  6. equivalent of
  7. aim at
  8. on the contrary
  9. support for
  10. for these reasons
  11. to one’s credit
  12. owing to
  13. impediments to
  14. forum for
  15. predicate upon
FLASHCARDS
SYNONYMS
SET 9
decayослабление, упадок, распад
powerhouseцентр власти, влияния
counterweight противовес
frustration разочарование, расстройство, срыв, крушение
substantiveзначительный, существенный
tensionsнапряженные отношения; трения; конфликт
stalled застойный, тупиковый
loomingнадвигаться, принимать угрожающие размеры
meddling вмешательство 
controversial спорный, дискуссионный

PREPOSITIONS

  1. counterweight to 
  2. barriers to 
  3. in exchange for
  4. put on trial
  5. access to
  6. resort to
  7. meddling with/ in
  8. similar to
  9. different from 
  10. on the rise
FLASHCARDS
SYNONYMS
SET 10
reside находиться, принадлежать
distinct отдельный, особый, отчетливый, определенный
subject toподвергаться, зависеть от
abundance множество, избыток
depletion истощение, опустошение
impedeпрепятствовать, мешать, затруднять, задерживать
susceptible восприимчивый, поддающийся, допускающий
allocate распределять, назначать, отчислить
capacityмощность, способность, возможность, объем
constrainedограниченный, сдержанный

PREPOSITIONS

  1. refer to  
  2. defined by
  3. derive from
  4. range from
  5. dependent on 
  6. demand for
  7. burden on
  8. allocate to
  9. subject to 
  10. vital to
  11. susceptible to 
  12. in the long-run
  13. constrained to
  14. engage in 
  15. in an effort 
FLASHCARDS
SYNONYMS
SET 15
endowment пожертвование, вклад, дар
milestone веха, этап
ultimate окончательный, максимальный, предельный, основной
reflectотражать, отражаться, размышлять
hastenспешить, ускорять
preoccupyзанимать внимание, поглощать внимание
persistentстойкий, постоянный, настойчивый
enableпозволять, разрешать, давать возможность, делать возможным
mismatch плохое сочетание, несоответствие
imperative необходимый, срочный

PREPOSITIONS

  1. diverse in 
  2. key to 
  3. entered into force
  4. at the sub-regional level
  5. succeed in 
  6. preoccupied with 
  7. under financial strain
  8. owing to 
  9. dependence on 
  10. essential to
FLASHCARDS
SYNONYMS
SET 16
precipitate ускорять; усугублять
commitment обязательство, приверженность; убеждения
underscore подчеркивать, акцентировать
encompassзаключать, касаться
reconcile согласовать, согласовывать, примирять
expedite ускорять, содействовать
epitomize воплощать, резюмировать
dispenseобходиться (без чего-л.)
contentiousспорный
blueprint план, проект, программа

PREPOSITIONS

  1. commitment to
  2. respond to
  3. regardless of 
  4. envisioned in
  5. account for
  6. priority for
  7. on average
  8. compliance with 
  9. gear up for
  10. appeals for 
  11. focus on
  12. implication for 
  13. incorporated into 
  14. along with 
  15. dispense with
FLASHCARDS
SYNONYMS
SET 17
shrinkсокращать, сокращаться, сжиматься
encounter сталкиваться, наталкиваться
adherentсторонник, приверженец
inevitableнеизбежный, неминуемый
albeit  хотя, тем не менее, даже хотя
stringent строгий, точный, обязательный, веский, убедительный
obtainполучать, приобретать, добиваться, достигать
forbid запрещать, не позволять
permitлицензия, пропуск
articulate ясно выражать, формулировать

PREPOSITIONS

  1. to shrink by 
  2. accompanied by 
  3. encounter X xenophobic attitudes
  4. with respect to 
  5. aware of
  6. access to
  7. with regard to 
  8. engage in 
  9. integrated into
  10. similar to
FLASHCARDS
SYNONYMS
SET 18
unviableнесостоятельный, нежизнеспособный, нерентабельный
populousгустонаселенный, многолюдный
subsequent последующий, более поздний
perspectiveвид, точка зрения, видение, подход
putative предполагаемый, мнимый
impelпобуждать, принуждать
tentatively предварительно, в предварительном порядке, ориентировочно
compatible совместимый, сочетаемый
indispensable необходимый, незаменимый, обязательный
backlash отрицательная реакция, ответный удар

PREPOSITIONS

  1. marked by 
  2. concluded with 
  3. within the framework
  4. under the provisions
  5. regard as 
  6. shield by 
  7. associate with 
  8. against the background
  9. perspective on 
  10. dissent from
FLASHCARDS
SYNONYMS
SET 19
stance позиция, установка
surge повышение, быстрый рост, резкий скачок
clamp downподавлять, прекращать, запретить
nurture вынашивать, воспитывать, лелеять; питать
standoff тупик, ничья, безвыходное положение
curtailсокращать, урезать, уменьшать
inimical враждебный, недружелюбный, неблагоприятный, вредный
flawed бракованный; дефектный, ошибочный
imperilподвергать опасности; рисковать
implyозначать, подразумевать, предполагать, значить

PREPOSITIONS

  1. stance toward
  2. surge in 
  3. support for 
  4. transform into 
  5. on the grounds
  6. in particular
  7. in general
  8. clamp down on 
  9. impose on 
  10. at a juncture
FLASHCARDS
SYNONYMS
SET 20
dimensionаспект, сфера, элемент, измерение
violationнарушение
mediate быть посредником, содействовать соглашению 
diluteослабленный, слабый
stalemate тупик, безвыходное положение
plausible правдоподобный, вероятный
consentсогласие, разрешение, соглашаться
urge убеждать, побуждать, настаивать
inclination предрасположение, предрасположенность, склонность
purviewкомпетенция, сфера, область, границы, нормы закона

PREPOSITIONS

  1. commitment to 
  2. at the height of
  3. record on 
  4. live up to 
  5. in charge of
  6. on the grounds
  7. respond to
  8. coincide with 
  9. confront
  10. solution to
  11. plausible for
  12. from the perspective of
  13. consent to 
  14. in practice
  15. under the purview
FLASHCARDS
SYNONYMS

VOCABULARY NOTES 1
advance
способствовать; приближать,
ускорять; продвигаться
definition
to move or go forward; proceed; to increase in quantity, value, price; to improve or make progress; to grow or rise in importance, status

synonyms
move forward, proceed, go forward, continue, progress

collocations
advance [with caution, carefully, slowly]
advance in [your career, in the company]
advance through [time, the years, generations]
advance [humanity, society, the nation, your career][failed, efforts] to advance (the) [negotiations, talks]
advance the [understanding, development, cause] of
pursue
преследовать,
продолжать,
заниматься;
искать, добиваться
definition
to follow in order to overtake; to strive to gain; seek to attain or accomplish

synonyms
follow, track, engage, participate

collocations
to pursue a goal
to pursue an aim/objective
to pursue a policy 
to pursue a career
attend to
обращать внимание; 
уделять внимание
definition
pay attention to; take seriously; to deal with somebody/something

synonyms
assist, take care of, look after

collocations
attend to [business, the matter at hand]
(have) [business] to attend 
to attend to the needs
asset
имущество; средства; активы; ценное качество, вклад
definition
a useful or valuable quality, item

synonyms
belongings, holding, property, aid, benefit, resource, service

collocations
[public, private] assets
[digital, capital, real, total, net] assets
is a [liquid, fixed, variable] asset
is [an important, an essential, a valuable] asset (to)
an asset of the [public, people, company]
[allocate, invest, protect, insure, liquidate, sell off] your assets
has [a number, many] assets
priority
приоритет
definition
status established in order of importance or urgency 

synonyms
precedence

collocations
should be treated as a priority
should be considered a priority
your [number one, top] priority
it is your [number one] priority to [go, pick up, find, complete] this [project, assignment, task]
is your [number one] priority
make it your [number one] priority
it is a priority to [ensure, provide, get]
is of the [utmost, highest] priority
has never been a priority
undergo
подвергаться,
испытывать,
переносить
definition
to be subjected to; experience; pass through, to endure;
sustain; suffer

synonyms
to experience; to endure; sustain; suffer

collocations
undergo [a procedure, an operation]
is undergoing [treatment, therapy, surgery] (for)
has undergone a major [change, breakup, move]
undergo (further) [training, testing, renovation, development]
has undergone (extensive) [training]
undergo (additional) [scrutiny, examination, screening]
undergo [starvation, deprivation, hardships]
foster
поощрять,
воспитывать, благоприятствовать
definition
to promote the growth or development of; further; encourage

synonyms
promote , encourage , cultivate, advance , nurture

collocations
foster a [child, dog]
[woman, family] who fosters [children, orphans]
foster the [creation, development, growth] of
foster and [promote, encourage, support]
foster a sense of [responsibility, pride]
is fostering (a sense of) resentment
foster [negative, destructive] thoughts
trigger
инициировать,
вызывать,
дать начало
definition
to initiate or precipitate; put in motion or move to act

synonyms
cause, generate, produce, prompt, provoke, activate, incite

collocations
trigger the [alarm]
triggers [asthma, allergies]
[can, may] trigger the [symptoms, disease]
triggered by [stress, poor diet]
triggered to [produce, release, send]
triggered the [development, creation, invention] of
trigger the [collapse, destruction] of the [company, organization, empire, government]
tangible
материальный,
ощутимый,
осязаемый
definition
that can be touched, definite; not vague; clear

synonyms
material, physical, substantial, touchable, concrete, visible, observable

collocations
tangible [goals, targets, objectives]
make a tangible [improvement, difference, contribution]
[have, calculate, sell] tangible assets
present tangible [evidence, proof]
[reach, set] a tangible goal
the goal [seems, looks] tangible
feasible
возможный,
осуществимый, выполнимый,
вероятный
definition
capable of being done, effected, or accomplished, probable; likely

synonyms
possible, doable, achievable, attainable, practicable, workable

collocations
it is (not) feasible to [have, use, provide]
it is (not) feasible for them to [have]
is (not) feasible for [many, some]
is not feasible for [investment, travel]
is not feasible at present
[is, seems, would be] perfectly feasible
it’s technically feasible, but
VOCABULARY NOTES 2
resort to
прибегать,
обращаться
definition
to have recourse for use, help, or accomplishing something, often as a final available option or resource

synonyms

recourse, recur

collocations
to resort to warresort to [drastic, emergency] measures
resort to [violence, killing]
(without) resorting to dirty [tricks, play]
extension
расширение,
продолжение,
удлинение,
распространение
definition
an act or instance of extending, lengthening, stretching out, or enlarging the scope of something

synonyms
lengthening, enlargement, prolonging, augmentation, expansion, increase, protraction

collocations
a [loan, credit, payment, mortgage] extension
[asked, applied] for a [loan] extension
[an assignment, an essay, a project, a homework] extension
an extension of the deadline
an extension of six [weeks, months, days]
the [bank, government] has [granted, approved] an extension
vulnerable
уязвимый,
ранимый
definition
capable of being wounded or hurt physically or emotionally; open to or defenseless against criticism or moral attack; open to assault; difficult to defend

synonyms
unprotected, defenseless, exposed, susceptible, sensitive, liable, subject 

collocations
vulnerable [patients, residents, families, children]
vulnerable [groups, sections, areas, property]
are vulnerable to [floods, disasters, attacks]
have been left vulnerable by the [decision, storm]
found themselves in a vulnerable [position, situation]
have become [increasingly] vulnerable
amongst the most vulnerable areas
the most vulnerable in [society, the area]
substantial 
существенный,
значительный,
важный
definition
of a considerable size or value, having wealth or importance, sufficient and nourishing

synonyms
considerable, ample, abundant, plentiful, sizable, large-scale, consequential, important

collocations
a substantial [number, amount, quantity] (of)
has a substantial amount of [food, money, ammunition]
a substantial [decrease, fall, growth, rise] (in)
a substantial [decrease] in [interest, profits, price, value]
the [army, enemy, forces] suffered substantial losses
the [market, company, organization] reported substantial [profits, losses]
is substantial in terms of [size, number, impact]
is substantial [against, compared to]
benevolent
благотворительный, доброжелательный
definition
characterized by or expressing goodwill or kindly feelings; intended for benefits rather than profit

synonyms
generous, altruistic, kindly, charitable, beneficent, compassionate, sympathetic

collocations
a benevolent smile
gifts from benevolent alumnia
benevolent attitude
a benevolent institution
stymie
загнать в угол,
ставить в тупик, безвыходное положение
definition
to block or prevent from proceeding or going forward

synonyms

impede, obstruct, hamper, block

collocations
stymie growing protests
stymie access
stymie the career
combat
вести бой,
сражаться, бороться
definition
to fight or contend against;oppose vigorously

synonyms
oppose, resist, contend with, do battle with, counter

collocations
combat crime, problem, drug, pollution, inflation, terrorism, threat, unimployment, abuse, desease, effects, racism
capacity
вместимость,
мощность,
способность, объем
definition
the maximum amount or number that can be contained;volume; the power or ability of the mind; mental ability, ability to perform, yield, or withstand

synonyms
ability, capacity, skill, aptitude, facility, competence, faculty, capability, potential, inclination

collocations
a maximum capacity of [40,000] [people, guests]
the capacity is [limited, restricted] to [40,000]
the capacity has been [extended, boosted, increased] to
is full to capacity
is at full capacity
has the capacity to [provide, meet, produce, make]
[mental, emotional, cognitive] capacities
the [child’s, student’s] capacity to [learn, improve]
promote
способствовать, поощрять, продвигать, стимулировать
definition
encourage; to advance in rank or position; to aid in organizing 

synonyms
material, physical, substantial, touchable, concrete, visible, observable

collocations
promoted from [assistant, manager]
promoted to [manager, CEO]
promote (good) health (and wellbeing)
promote a [positive, healthy, better]
promote the [development, interests, growth, health] of
promote economic [growth, development] (in)promote [awareness, understanding, acceptance, openness]
promote [the event, a concert, his movie]
amplify
увеличивать, расширять; усиливать
definition
to make larger, greater, or stronger

synonyms
enlarge, extend, increase, intensify, raise, expand , magnify, inflate, enlarge, augment

collocations
amplify creativity, energy, positive attitudes, enrollment
VOCABULARY NOTES 3
deter
удерживать, останавливать
definition
to discourage or restrain from acting or proceeding

synonyms
hinder, hamper, impede, inhibit, curb, prevent, forestall

collocations
(to) deter [trespassers, thieves, burglars]
(to) deter [speeding, theft, vandalism]
apparently
по-видимому, очевидно,
вероятно
definition
as far as can be known or supposed; obviously; clearly

synonyms
seemingly, evidently, allegedly, supposedly, presumably 

collocations
apparently, it is [going, supposed] to [rain, storm, snow] 
was apparently an [accident, suicide, murder]
apparently it was an [accident]
apparently, we’re not [allowed, going, supposed] to
unprecedented
беспрецедентный
definition
without previous instance; never before known/ experienced

synonyms 
uncommon, unique , unusual, unexampled, unparalleled

collocations
an unprecedented decision
an unprecedented [display, performance] (of)
an unprecedented [social, sporting, political] event
an unprecedented [rise, fall, growth, increase, decrease] (in)
an unprecedented [level, extent, degree] of [CO2, lead, unemployment]
unprecedented [personal, economic, financial] growth
unprecedented in [modern, human, political] terms
incentive
стимул, побуждение
definition      
a positive motivational influence; an additional payment (or other remuneration) to employees as a means of increasing output

synonyms
motivation, motive, stimulus

collocations
a [financial, cash, tax] incentive
a [little, strong] incentive (to)[tax]
incentives for [creating, employing, reducing]
an incentive to [make, help, get, keep]
offer their [employees, workers]
an incentive (to)an investment incentive
incentives for [people, companies, citizens]
incentives and rewards
implication
смысл,
значение,
подтекст
definition          
inferred, deduced or entailed 

synonyms
consequence, result, ramification, outcome, repercussions, effects

collocations
political implications
to consider the implications of 
the implications of the theory
expose
подвергать, показывать
definition
to lay open to danger, attack, or harm; to present to view;exhibit

synonyms
uncover, reveal, disclose; display, exhibit 

collocations
expose your [skin, face, eyes] to the sun
expose to [high, low, freezing] temperatures
the [politician, student, teacher] was exposed to [ridicule, criticism]
exposed to [the elements, bad language]
embrace
включать,
заключать в себе, охватывать
definition
to accept or adopt willingly; to include or contain

synonyms
adopt, follow, support, include, enclose, encompass 

collocations
embrace the [idea, thought, concept, words, philosophy] of
embrace [change, diversity]
embrace [technology, the modern world, the new way of life, their culture]
resilience
стойкость, жизнеспособность
definition
the ability of a person to adjust to or recover readily from illness, adversity, major life changes; the ability of a system or organization to respond to or recover readily from a crisis, disruptive process

synonyms
flexibility, strength, stamina, adaptability

collocations
[tough, strong, weak, no, little] resilience
[extreme, great, remarkable] resiliencethe
resilience of [workers, consumers, the economy, a nation]
resilience to [trauma, setbacks, attacks, shocks]
[build up, develop, improve, boost] resilience
resilience to [high temperatures, extreme pressure]
robust
крепкий,
сильный, устойчивый
definition
strong and healthy; hardy; vigorous

synonyms
sturdy, tough, dynamic, powerful 

collocations

a robust [method, framework]
a robust approach towardsa
robust [system, program, version]
a robust economy
robust [growth, expansion, health]
shift
менять,
изменять, перемещать
definition
to put aside/ replace; change or exchange, to transfer from one place, position, person, etc., to another 

synonyms

modify, vary, adjust, alter 

collocations

shift your [position, opinion] on
shift sides to 
shift your [thinking, perspective, ideas]
shifting towards [greater, higher, better] [communism, the left]
shift away from the [noise, flash]
shift the [burden, blame, responsibility, burden, emphasis]
VOCABULARY NOTES 4
mitigate
смягчать, уменьшать
definition
to lessen in force or intensity; make less severe

synonyms
alleviate, relieve, diminish, decrease, reduce

collocations
to mitigate punishment 
to mitigate penalty 
to mitigate risks 
to mitigate losses 
to mitigate competition 
to mitigate the effect
to mitigate the loss 
enhance
повышать, усиливать, увеличивать
definition
to increase the value, attractiveness, or quality of;improve

synonyms
intensify,boost, magnify, amplify, strengthen

collocations
enhance the [quality, performance] of
enhance the [understanding, awareness] of
enhance the security of the [building, country, school]
enhance the [taste, flavor, appeal] of
enhance communication [between, within, among]
disrupt
разрушать, срывать, разрывать
definition
to cause disorder or turmoil in, to interrupt the normal operation of

synonyms
interfere with, intrude on, obstruct, meddle, breach

collocations
    
disrupt the [meeting, conversation, peace, proceedings]    
disrupt the [progress, growth, development] of    
disrupted the lives of [millions, the residents]
restrict
ограничивать, держать в определённых пределах; сводить к 
definition
to keep within limits, as of space, action, amount

synonyms
restrain , curb, confine, limit, contain

collocations
restrict [access, entry, imports] to [the web, the internet, websites, sites]
[access] was restricted to [members, professionals, ex-students]
[access] was restricted by [management, IT, the organizers]
restrict movement
scrutiny
изучение, исследование, внимательный осмотр
definition
a searching and careful examination or investigation

synonyms
inspection, check, audit, survey, observation, probe 

collocations

under the [government’s, public’s, regulator’s, interviewer’s, panel’s] scrutiny
under the (close) scrutiny of the [government]
[examine, review, inspect] under formal scrutiny
[actions, movements, dealings] are under (close) scrutiny
diversify
разнообразить, варьировать
definition
to give or increase variety, to expand (a business or product line) by manufacturing a larger variety of different products 

synonyms
vary, expand, broaden, branch out, change, stretch, diverge

collocations
to diversify the assortment 
to diversify the economy 
to diversify risks 
to diversify production
to diversify the base 
emergence
появление, возникновение
definition
the appearance of new properties or species in the course of development or evolution

synonyms
appearance, rise, inception, birth, beginning, start 

collocations

emergence of a tendencyemergence from a recession emergence of many new nations
undermine
подрывать, разрушать
definition
to weaken or destroy by degrees, to attack by indirect, secret, or hidden means

synonyms
sabotage, subvert, overthrow, damage, threaten, destroy, ruin, compromise  

collocations
undermine [authority, position, confidence, health]          
undermine [efforts, hard work, the progress made]          
undermine the [structure, foundations, formation]
erode
разрушать, разъедать, размывать
definition
to cause to be destroyed by slowly using up or disintegrating, to disappear gradually

synonyms
crumble, decay, corrode, waste, ravage, spoil

collocations

erode differences 
erode enemy forces 
erode power
erode public support
erode sovereignty 
erode stability
boost
форсировать, повышать, стимулировать, ускорять
definition
to increase; raise

synonyms

aid, promote, lift, expand, enlarge, intensify, escalate

collocations
to boost prices, economy, salaries, morale 
VOCABULARY NOTES 5
anticipate
ожидать,
предвосхищать, предчувствовать,
опасаться
definition
to realize or feel beforehand; foresee

synonyms
expect, predict 

collocations
to anticipate success [happy solution, favourable decision]
to anticipate a failure [a refusal, a disaster] 
concession
уступка
definition
the act of yielding, as a right, a privilege, or a point or fact in an argument

synonyms
negotiation, compromise, granting, yielding

collocations
won [some, important, several] concessions
[refuses, unwilling, not willing] to make any concessions
[demand, seek] further concessions
postpone
откладывать,
отсрочивать
definition
to put (something) off to a later time

synonyms
delay, put off, defer, suspend 

collocations
postpone [the meeting, the match, your vacation, his decision]
postponed due to [illness, vacations, the weather]
determine 
определять,
устанавливать
definition
to conclude or figure out, to settle, resolve, or decide 

synonyms
define, decide, outline

collocations
to determine a position,
to determine a dispute,
determine the quantity  
reject
отвергать,
отклонять
definition
to refuse to have, take, use, recognize; to refuse to accept or admit

synonyms
refuse, decline

collocations
to reject smb.’s demand 
to reject an idea, an offer 
crucial
решающий,
ключевой,
критический
definition
of highest, greatest, or most critical importance

synonyms
critical, key, vital, pivotal, essential, fundamental, decisive

collocations
it is crucial that you [don’t forget, go, remember]
is crucial for [success, understanding]
was crucial in [preparing, determining, preparing]
…played a crucial role in
[proved, turned out] to be crucial
compliance
согласие
definition
conformity; accordance

synonyms
obedience, observance, submission

collocations
[total, complete, full] compliance
[demands, ensures, requires] compliance (with)[regulatory, corporate, environmental] compliance
[achieve, determine] compliance (through)
in [full] compliance with the [rules]
compliance with the [rules, plan, standards, regulations]
abandon 
отказываться от, оставлять,
покидать 
definition
to leave completely and finally; to give up; withdraw from

synonyms
cast aside, depart, surrender, cancel 

collocations
to abandon a right
to abandon a theory 
to abandon hope
reluctant  
вынужденный,
неохотный
definition
unwilling; not inclined to do something, marked by hesitation 

synonyms
hesitant, disinclined, unenthusiastic, opposed, adverse, uncertain 

collocations
reluctant [members, supporters, students, readers] (of)
received the reluctant [support, acceptance, approval] of
was reluctant to [go, leave, take, accept, do, offer]
enforcement 
приведение в исполнение
definition
the act of enforcing; ensuring observance of or obedience to

synonyms
implementation, administering, execution, fulfilling, forcing

collocations

[law, regulations, security, police] enforcement
[local, state, national] law enforcement
[full, total, complete, strict, effective] enforcement of the law
the enforcement of [sanctions, penalties, bans]
VOCABULARY NOTES 6
eventually 
в конечном счете
definition
at the very end; finally 

synonyms
finally; ultimately

collocations
(it) eventually [led to, resulted in, caused]
was eventually [elected, chosen, wounded]
eventually [won, stopped, crashed]
enduring 
прочный,
продолжительный
definition
lasting; permanent

synonyms
long-standing, constant, consistent, ongoing 

collocations
enduring [freedom, prosperity, peace]
the enduring [legacy, vision, power] of
derive
получать,
происходить,
вытекать
definition
to receive or obtain from a source or origin; produce

synonyms
stem from, originate in, arise from

collocations
derive [benefit, satisfaction, pleasure] (from)
derives its meaning from [Greek, the context, your tone]
derive [conclusions, results] (from, about)
distinctive 
отличительный,
особый,
характерный
definition
serving to distinguish; characteristic

synonyms
typical, particular, unique, individual, special, different

collocations
distinctive in [quality, appearance, shape]
a distinctive [smell, flavor, taste]         
distinctive features/ characteristics of
conform
соответствовать,
подчиняться
definition
to act in accordance or agreement; comply

synonyms
obey, adhere, fulfill, satisfy 

collocations
conform to [the norm, the status quo, society]
conform to [expectations, requirements, regulations]
conform to (certain) [social norms, conventions, rules]
conform to someone else’s [ideas, ideals]
overlapping 
перекрывающий(ся);
частично
совпадающий
definition
to have something in common or come together partly with

synonyms
coinciding, superimposed, projecting

collocations
overlapping ages/ counties/ sectors/ routes
superimpose 
накладывать,
впечатывать
definition
to put, place, or set over or on something else

synonyms
cover, overlay

collocations
superimpose conditions
superimpose one image on another superimpose a map on 
converge
сходиться
в одной точке, сосредоточиваться
definition
to tend to meet at a point; to develop toward a common result

synonyms
merge, assemble, concentrate, focalise, meet

collocations
converge schedules
converge to strong conclusions
envisage 
предусматривать,
предвидеть,
намечать
definition
to imagine happening; visualize; envision

synonyms
foresee, predict, anticipate, envision, forecast 

collocations
envisage [difficulties, issues, problems]
envisage [a scenario, the circumstances, a situation]
secure 
гарантировать,
укреплять,
обеспечивать
(безопасность)
definition
to make certain of; ensure; make safe; obtain

synonyms
gain, attain, acquire, assure, protect

collocations
secure the [victory, win]
secure the [position, niche, title]
VOCABULARY NOTES 7
clout
влияние,
авторитет,
мощь,
вес
definition
strong influence; having a superior or more favorable position

synonyms
leverage, might, power 

collocations
have considerable clout in the [committee, department, organization]
wield/ pull/ carry/ hold a lot of clout
profound 
глубокий,
основательный, фундаментальный
definition
of the greatest intensity; complete; relatively deep or strong; affecting one deeply

synonyms
deep, extensive, total, intense

collocations
a profound [sense, feeling, state] of
have a profound [impact, influence, effect] (on)
raise profound [questions, concerns] (about)
impact 
воздействие,
влияние
definition
influence, as the force carried by a new idea, etc.

synonyms
effect, influence, ramifications, result, consequence

collocations
a [positive, negative, adverse] impact
have a [big, huge, small, noticeable] impact
bolster
поддерживать,
укреплять
definition
support, or uphold

synonyms
reinforce, strengthen, underpin, boost

collocations
bolster confidence/ career/ theory
insulate
отделять,
обособлять,
изолировать
definition
to place in an isolated situation or condition; segregate; set apart

synonyms
separate, single out

collocations
insulate from the region’s political problems
insulate children from painful experiences
pivotal 
основной,
центральный, кардинальный
definition
of vital or critical importance

synonyms
crucial, central, principal, critical, essential 

collocations
a pivotal [point, moment] 
a pivotal [figure, influence] in
[played, had] a pivotal role (in)
pivotal to [success, the deal]
facilitate
содействовать, способствовать, облегчать,
продвигать
definition
make something easier or more likely to happen

synonyms
promote, simplify, assist

collocations
facilitate the [growth, development, trade, use] (of)
facilitate [access, communication, learning, understanding]
evolve
развивать, развертывать
definition
come forth gradually into being; develop

synonyms
develop, unfold, expand, elaborate

collocations
evolved [independently, separately]
continues to evolve
evolve at a rapid pace
stance 
позиция,
установка
definition
a mental or emotional position or opinion taken with respect to something

synonyms
attitude, position, opinion, viewpoint, standpoint, perspective

collocations
take a stance on the issue
[social, political, economic] stance 
take an aggressive stance towards/ against
take a proactive stance towards
reinforce
укреплять, усиливать, подкреплять
definition
to make more forceful or effective; strengthen; support

synonyms
strengthen, support, underpin, fortify

collocations
reinforce the [idea, notion, concept]
reinforce feelings/ opinion/ judgment
VOCABULARY NOTES 8
upcoming
наступающий,
предстоящий
definition
about to take place, appear, or be presented

synonyms
approaching, imminent, impending, forthcoming, scheduled, in prospect

collocations
an upcoming [event, game, movie, show]
upcoming this [week, month]
underlying 
основной, 
лежащий в основе,
подразумеваемый,
скрытый
definition
fundamental; basic; implicit

synonyms
basic, fundamental, intrinsic, primary 

collocations
the underlying [motive, motivation, cause, reasons, problem, condition] (of)
is the underlying rationale [behind, for, supporting]
according to the underlying [principle, assumption, theory]
the underlying [theme, message] of the [story, book, movie]
precursor 
предшественник,
предвестник
definition
a person or thing that comes before another, as in a method

synonyms
predecessor, forerunner

collocations
precursor to election campaign/ offending/ disease
intrusive 
навязчивый,
назойливый
definition
tending to be encroaching, invasive, trespassing 

synonyms
interfering, meddlesome, meddling, officious

collocations
intrusive cameras, scrutiny, journalists
foment
разжигать,
раздувать,
подстрекать
definition
to instigate or foster; promote the growth or development of

synonyms
incite, provoke, arouse, inflame, excite, encourage, stimulate

collocations
discord, rebellion, terror
framework 
рамки, 
основа, 
структура, 
каркас
definition
a structural plan or basis of a project

synonyms
structure, skeleton, frame, infrastructure, architecture

collocations
a [national, company, wide] framework
[an analytical, a political, a legal, a scientific] framework
a framework for the [project, job, class]
a framework to [support, guide, help, ensure]
sufficient 
достаточный
definition
adequate for the purpose; enough

synonyms
ample, plenty, adequate, satisfactory, due, decent 

collocations
sufficient [funds, cash, money, resources, credit, capital]
give sufficient [details, information, references]
impediment
препятствие, 
помеха, 
задержка
definition
obstruction; hindrance; obstacle

synonyms
hindrance, obstacle, obstruction, barrier, interference, inhibition

collocations
to work, to practice of war
conceive
постигать, 
понимать,
представлять себе, задумывать
definition
to form an idea, notion; envision; imagine; consider; to hold as an opinion

synonyms
understand, comprehend,  perceive

collocations
difficult to conceive [why]
conceived to [create, facilitate, improve, provide]
predicate
утверждать; заявлять, основывать
definition
to make an affirmation or assertion 

synonyms
affirm; assert; proclaim; declare

collocations
predicated upon my confidence, predicated on understanding, predicated the theory on
VOCABULARY NOTES 9
decay
ослабление,
упадок,
распад
definition
a gradual and continuing decline

synonyms
decline, deterioration, collapse, downfall

collocations
[mental, moral, physical, urban, radioactive] decay
the [country, nation, economy] is in decay
the [house, building] is in a state of decay
fall into decay
powerhouse
центр власти,
влияния
definition
a person, group, team, or the like, having great energy, strength, or potential for success

synonyms
man of action, a cooperative unit

collocations
powerhouse legal firm
technology/ media/ production  powerhouse
economic powerhouse
counterweight 
противовес
definition
a counterbalancing weight, influence, or force

synonyms
counterbalance, counterpoise, equaliser

collocations
a powerful regional counterweight to
a powerful regional counterweight to
system of weights and counterweights
a vital counterweight to Western power
a counterweight to skepticism
frustration 
разочарование, расстройство,
срыв, крушение
definition
a feeling of dissatisfaction, discontent

synonyms
disappointment, inconvenience

collocations
hope and frustration
through struggles and frustration 
a mix of frustration and anger 
substantive
значительный, существенный
definition
of a great or considerable amount or quantity; having practical importance, value, use, or effect

synonyms
essential, meaningful, considerable, significant

collocations
substantive record, substantive due process
to make a substantive judgement and recommendation
tensions
напряженные отношения; трения; конфликт
definition
a strained relationship between individuals, groups, nations

synonyms
strain, pressure, hostility, friction, antagonism

collocations
diplomatic efforts to ease tensions
escalate tensions 
increase tensions 
stalled 
застойный,
тупиковый
definition
stop being effective, working

synonyms
hampered, inhibited 

collocations
stalled infrastructure, economy
looming
надвигаться, принимать угрожающие размеры
definition
to assume form as an event about to happen

synonyms
imminent, in sight, impending, on the horizon

collocations
a looming [threat of, crisis in, war, deadline, confrontation] 
meddling 
вмешательство 
definition
the act of interfering with or altering something secretly or improperly

synonyms
tampering, intrusion, interruption, trespass, interference

collocations
meddling in personal life/ affairs
controversial
спорный, дискуссионный 
definition
subject to controversy; debatable

synonyms
questionable, contentious, arguable, dubious, provocative 

collocations
a controversial [book, article, politician]make a controversial [decision, ruling, law]the controversial [issue, question, matter] ofcontroversial [plans, programs, changes] (to)
VOCABULARY NOTES 10
reside 
находиться,
принадлежать
definition
to abide, lie, or be present habitually; exist or be inherent 

synonyms
lie, rest, be located, be found, be situated, be present, be vested, exist, belong 

collocations
reside in [London, the city, the country, that house]
reside [permanently, temporarily]
resides in the fact[power, talent, strength]
resides in him
distinct 
отдельный,
особый,
отчетливый,
определенный
definition
distinguished as not being the same; separate; dissimilar

synonyms
apparent, distinctive, distinguishing, typical, peculiar to 

collocations
are distinct from [each other, the others]
are [very, completely] distinct
distinct in [character, color, style, shape]
subject to
подвергаться,
зависеть от
definition
open or exposed to; being under the rule, control, or influence of something

synonyms
prone to, liable to, susceptible to, vulnerable to; dependent on, reliant on/ upon

collocations
have been subjected to [discrimination, racism]
subjected to [such, cruel, unnecessary] humiliation
subjected to [starvation, poor working conditions]
abundance
множество,
избыток 
definition
an extremely plentiful or over sufficient quantity or supply

synonyms
wealth, bunch, plentiful supply

collocations
of resources/ sites/ wealth
depletion 
истощение,
опустошение
definition
to decrease badly; use up the supply of

synonyms
exhaustion, reduction, drainage, consumption, shrinkage, wasting

collocations
the depletion of [supplies, provisions, resources, water, ammunition]
the depletion of [strength, power, resistance, energy]
the depletion of the [ozone layer, arctic ice]
depletion of [funds, capital, money, reserves]
impede
препятствовать,
мешать,
затруднять,
задерживать
definition
to cause to slow down in movement or progress

synonyms
hinder, hamper, block, prevent 

collocations
impede their [progress, efforts, access, success, work]
is impeding the [development, progress] of
susceptible 
восприимчивый, поддающийся, допускающий
definition
sensitive to, easily moved by, or easily touched by some influence, agency, force

synonyms
vulnerable, prone, inclined, liable, exposed 

collocations
susceptible to [damage, disease, infection, poisoning]
the [birds, patients, children] are susceptible to
[may, could, might] be susceptible (to)
allocate 
распределять,
назначать,
отчислить
definition
to set apart for a particular purpose; assign

synonyms
allot, designate, assign, appoint

collocations
time/ money/ budget
capacity
мощность,
способность,
возможность,
объем
definition
the maximum amount or number that can be contained;volume; ability to perform, yield, or withstand

synonyms
limit, size, volume, range; ability, aptitude, skill, talent

collocations
a maximum capacity of [40,000] [people, guests]
The capacity is [limited, restricted] to [40,000].
the capacity has been [extended, boosted, increased] tois
at full capacity
has the capacity to [provide, meet, produce, make]
[mental, emotional, cognitive] capacities
constrained
ограниченный, сдержанный
definition
forced, compelled, or obliged

synonyms
restricted, restrained, confined, stifled, inhibited

collocations
constrained to [work, be, admit, study, accept, pay]
constrained from [punching, speaking, hitting, approaching]
constrained by [the law, rules, regulations, rules and regulations]
constrained by [officers, her husband, friends]
VOCABULARY NOTES 15
endowment 
пожертвование,
вклад,
дар
definition
the capital that provides income for an institution

synonyms          
donation, grant, subsidizing, funding

collocations
[institutional, clerical, academic, university] endowments; receive endowment 
milestone 
веха,
этап
definition
a significant or important event in history; a significant stage in the life, progress, development

synonyms
pillar, turning/ critical point, landmark

collocations
a milestone in [science, sport, politics, history, technology]
a [scientific] milestone
a milestone of the [modern era, twentieth century]
ultimate 
окончательный, максимальный, предельный,
основной
definition
decisive, total, most extreme

synonyms
eventual, primary, supreme, essential

collocations
ultimate [goal, aim, objective] is (to)
with the ultimate [goal] of [getting, improving, protecting, having]
the ultimate purpose of the [plan, visit, talks]
reflect
отражать,
отражаться, размышлять
definition
to think over, to express

synonyms
contemplate, indicate, show, display 

collocations
reflect the [views, opinions] of our [company, organization]
reflects the [cost, worth, value, quality]
hasten
спешить,
ускорять
definition
move fast, act at high speed, cause to occur rapidly

synonyms
rush, accelerate, stimulate, quicken

collocations
hasten the process/ the recovery process,
hasten to [add, say]
preoccupy
занимать внимание, поглощать внимание
definition
engage or engross the interest or attention of beforehand or occupy urgently or obsessively

synonyms
obsess, absorb, take the attention

collocations
the matter preoccupies
preoccupies completely
preoccupy financial markets
persistent
стойкий,
постоянный,
настойчивый
definition
continuing to do something in spite of difficulty, opposition, or criticism; lasting for a long time

synonyms
determined, tenacious, persevering, resolute; relentless, unceasing, incessant, constant

collocations
a persistent [lack, shortage, shortfall] (of)
is a persistent [problem, concern, worry]
enable
позволять,
разрешать,
давать возможность,
делать возможным
definition
to make able, possible; authorize; give power or ability

synonyms
facilitate, assist, empower

collocations
enable the [development, investigation, production] of
enables you to achieve [your goals, success]
mismatch 
плохое сочетание, несоответствие
definition 
a bad or unsuitable match

synonyms
unsatisfactory match; inappropriate match

collocations
[avoid, solve, overcome, correct] the mismatch
a mismatch in [criteria, arguments, figures, numbers]
a mismatch of [supplies, expectations]
a [complete, huge, future] mismatch
imperative 
необходимый, срочный
definition
absolutely necessary, an unavoidable requirement

synonyms
mandatory, necessary, obligatory, required, compulsory 

collocations
moral imperative, political imperatives
become imperative
it is imperative to remember 
VOCABULARY NOTES 16
precipitate 
ускорять;
усугублять
definition
to hasten the occurrence of; bring about prematurely, hastily, or suddenly

synonyms
accelerate, hurry, hasten

collocations
crisis, regime collapse, events
commitment 
обязательство, приверженность; убеждения
definition
a strong or firm belief shown by one’s actions; loyalty; a responsibility that takes up or occupies one’s time

synonyms
obligation, responsibility, dedication

collocations
a [financial, time, political] commitment
[undying, complete, total] commitment (to)
commitment to the [community, school, environment]
underscore  
подчеркивать, акцентировать
definition
to underline; to stress; consider as important

synonyms
emphasize, accentuate, highlight

collocations
underscore a [word, line, phrase, sentence]
underscore the [issue, importance, idea] (of)
encompass
заключать,
касаться
definition
to include completely, comprehensively; to enclose; envelop

synonyms
contain, comprise, incorporate, involve 

collocations
encompass a [range, spectrum, variety, wealth] (of)
encompass a [wide, varied, considerable] [range] of
reconcile 
согласовать, согласовывать, примирять
definition
to compose or settle (a quarrel, dispute, etc.); to bring into agreement

synonyms
resolve, harmonize, accommodate, balance

collocations
reconcile [accounts, differences, divisions]
reconciled with [her, the policy, the statements]
expedite 
ускорять, содействовать
definition
to speed up the progress of; perform promptly

synonyms
assist, promote, facilitate, advance, hasten 

collocations
expedite the [order, shipment, payment, approval, process, implementation]
expedite your [search, request, order]
epitomize 
воплощать, резюмировать
definition
to contain or represent in small compass; serve as a typical example of; typify

synonyms
outline, summarize, compress, exemplify, illustrate, model, represent, symbolize

collocations
moral virtue, the attitude, the future, vision
dispense
обходиться (без чего-л.)
definition
to do without

synonyms
to do away with; forgo

collocations
dispense [completely, altogether] with          
dispense with [formalities, the preliminaries, introductions]
contentious
спорный
definition
causing, involving, or characterized by argument or controversy

synonyms          
argumentative, antagonistic, belligerent, hostile

collocations
issue, meeting, proposition, subject, discussion, figure
blueprint 
план,
проект, программа
definition
a detailed outline or plan of action

synonyms          
design, master plan, scheme, strategy

collocations
a blueprint for [action, change, success]
VOCABULARY NOTES 17
shrink
сокращать,
сокращаться,
сжиматься
definition
to contract or lessen in size; become reduced in extent, amount, or value

synonyms
diminish, subside, decline, compress

collocations
shrink in [size, fear, numbers]
[growth, the economy, GDP] is shrinking
encounter 
сталкиваться, наталкиваться
definition
to meet, esp. unexpectedly or in conflict; to meet with or contend against (difficulties, opposition, etc.)

synonyms
come across, bump into, combat, battle 

collocations
to encounter [a setback, delays, difficulties]; 
encounter [several, many, all kinds of] [setbacks]
adherent
сторонник,
приверженец
definition
a person who follows or upholds a leader, cause, etc.;supporter, follower

synonyms
follower, partisan, backer, supporter, advocate

collocations
adherents to the view;
adherent to the creed;
adherent to the party
inevitable
неизбежный, неминуемый
definition
unable to be avoided or escaped

synonyms
unavoidable, inescapable, unpreventable, certain

collocations
inevitable [result, outcome, consequence]
albeit  
хотя,
тем не менее,
даже хотя
definition
although; even if; even though
stringent 
строгий,
точный, обязательный, веский, убедительный
definition
compelling, constraining, or urgent; demanding, strict, or severe; harshly controlled; convincing or forcible

synonyms
compelling, convincing; rigorous, harsh, severe 

collocations
stringent [identity, security] checks
stringent [limits, restrictions]
(on)stringent [guidelines, rules, requirements, laws, criteria]
obtain
получать, приобретать, добиваться, достигать
definition
to come into possession of; acquire

synonyms
gain, attain, acquire, capture

collocations
obtain information/ insurance/ credentials
forbid 
запрещать,
не позволять
definition
to prohibit (something); make a rule or law against

synonyms
prohibit, ban

collocations
forbid [smoking, playing, running, parking]
forbid [cellphones, laptops, electronic devices]
permit
лицензия, пропуск
definition
an official certificate of permission; licence; to allow to be done or occur

synonyms  
licence, authorisation, permission, grant, visa, pass

collocations
a permit to [construct, operate, work]
the permit was [approved, denied]
a [parking, demonstration, construction, hunting] permit
apply for a permit
articulate 
ясно выражать, формулировать
definition
to put (an idea) clearly into speech

synonyms
put into words, express, utter, speak, verbalise

collocations
articulate [ideas, feelings, desires, fears, thoughts, words]
it is difficult to articulate (clearly)
articulate the [importance of, reasons for, need for]
VOCABULARY NOTES 18
(un)viable
(не)состоятельный, (не)жизнеспособный, (не)рентабельный
definition
(in)capable of being done, accomplished, existing, taking place, or proving true

synonyms
(in)feasible, (im)possible, (im)plausible, (im)practicable, (un)realistic

collocations
(not) a viable [option, plan, suggestion, solution, strategy]
populous
густонаселенный, многолюдный
definition
containing many people; heavily populated

synonyms
crowded, populated

collocations
a populous area, place, society, nations
subsequent 
последующий,
более поздний
definition
occurring after; succeeding

synonyms
next, following , succeeding, successive

collocations
the subsequent [stages, phases, periods]
(of)the subsequent [increase, decrease, growth]
[in, of](and) its subsequent [impact, effect]
[on, in](and) the subsequent [attempts, efforts] to
perspective
вид,
точка зрения,
видение,
подход
definition
one’s opinion about facts, ideas, and the relationships

synonyms
viewpoint, angle, view, position, outlook, standpoint

collocations
a [different, common, new, unique] perspective (on)
a [new, fresh] perspective on life
the [editor’s, reader’s, viewer’s] perspective
putative 
предполагаемый,
мнимый
definition
commonly regarded as such; reputed; supposed

synonyms
presumed, supposed, alleged, assumed

collocations
putative partner, leader, domination
impel
побуждать,
принуждать
definition
to urge forward; to force, incite or constrain to action

synonyms
drive, force, urge, set in motion, propel

collocations
impel to produce, to exercise, to connect, to act
tentatively 
предварительно,
в предварительном порядке,
ориентировочно
definition
unsure; not definite or positive; hesitant; of the nature of or made or done as a trial, experiment, or attempt;experimental

synonyms
experimentally, conditionally, provisionally

collocations
a tentative [agreement, decision, understanding, judgment, conclusion]
compatible
совместимый,
сочетаемый 
definition
consistent; capable of existing or living together in harmony

synonyms
consistent, in accord, nonconflicting

collocations
compatible [system, program]
indispensable
необходимый,
незаменимый, обязательный
definition
necessary or essential; incapable of being disregarded or neglected

synonyms
essential, vital, crucial, necessary, critical, integral 

collocations
an indispensable element of/ tool/ asset/ part
an indispensable [staff member, employee, worker]
backlash 
отрицательная реакция,
ответный удар
definition

a strong or violent reaction, as to some social or political change

synonyms
adverse reaction, response, repercussions, consequences, recoil 

collocations
a (political, social, media) backlash (if)
VOCABULARY NOTES 19
stance 
позиция, 
установка
definition
a mental or emotional position or opinion taken with respect to smth

synonyms
attitude, position, opinion, viewpoint, standpoint, perspective, angle 

collocations
take a stance on the issue, 
the [government’s, celebrity’s, politician’s] stance on,
a stance against [corruption, the war]
surge 
повышение, 
быстрый рост,
резкий скачок
definition
a strong, forward movement, a sudden rush or burst

synonyms
rise, increase, soar

collocations
a surge in [production, prices, profits]
a sudden surge of [embarrassment, excitement, anger]
clamp down
подавлять,
прекращать,
запретить
definition
to behave repressively; attempt to repress something regarded as undesirable

synonyms
restrict, restrain, curb, limit, hamper

collocations
clamp down on [fraud, domestic violence, racism][bids, efforts, plans, laws]
to clamp down on [fraud]
nurture 
вынашивать,
воспитывать,
лелеять; 
питать
definition
to encourage or provide moral support, to bring up; train; educate

synonyms
encourage, foster, bolster, boost, support, inspire, motivate, mentor, guide

collocations
nurture your [talent, growth, natural ability, business]
standoff 
тупик, 
ничья,
безвыходное
положение
definition
standing apart; aloofness, smth that counterbalances

synonyms
stalemate, deadlock, draw, halt, stoppage

collocations
silent/ shocked/ new/ polite/ tense/ geopolitical standoff
break/ escalate/ intensify/ resolve the standoff
unaware of the standoff
curtail
сокращать, 
урезать, 
уменьшать
definition
to cut short; reduce

synonyms
restrict, confine, decrease, diminish 

collocations
an attempt to curtail [inflation, unemployment]
curtailed the [number, power, spread] of
[drastically, sharply, significantly, further] curtail
inimical 
враждебный,
недружелюбный, неблагоприятный,
вредный
definition
harmful; causing injury; unfriendly; hostile

synonyms
antagonistic, hostile, noxious, hazardous, detrimental

collocations
inimical to humanity/ state/ interests/ public well-being/ nation/ safety
flawed 
бракованный;
дефектный,
ошибочный
definition
characterised by defects, blemish; having imperfections

synonyms
defect, faulty, imperfect, with pitfalls, with drawbacks 

collocations
a flawed [component, part, logic, argument]
flawed [social, economic, foreign, security] policies
imperil 
подвергать
опасности; 
рисковать
definition
to put in danger; endanger; pose a threat

synonyms
jeopardise, endanger, put at risk

collocations
imperil the ecosystem/ economic growth/ democratic institutions/ fundamentals/ system/ plan
imply 
означать,
подразумевать,
предполагать,
значить
definition
to indicate or suggest without being explicitly stated; to involve as a necessary circumstance; presuppose

synonyms
indicate, suggest, signify, involve, mean, entail, contain, denote

collocations
the [data, experiment] implied that
implied [the beginning of, an end to] 
the [fact, thought, idea] was implied by
VOCABULARY NOTES 20
dimension
аспект, 
сфера, 
элемент, 
измерение
definition
an aspect or factor, the scope or importance

synonyms
aspect, angle, attribute, scope, factor

collocations
add a new dimension to; political/economic dimension

 violation
нарушение

definition 
an act that disregards an agreement or a right; entry to another’s property without right or permission

synonyms
infringement, negligence, noncompliance, breach, trespass

collocations
violation of the right, international law, state’s sovereignty 
mediate 
быть посредником,
содействовать
соглашению 
definition
attempt to settle (a dispute)/to bring about a solution between two opposing sides

synonyms
arbitrate, negotiate, intermediate, resolve, reconcile, settle

collocations
complex disputes, talks, conflict
dilute
ослабленный, 
слабый
definition
to reduce the strength of, as by adding or mixing something

synonyms
decrease, diminish, mitigate 

collocations
the value, the power, impact, support, competition
stalemate 
тупик, 
безвыходное
положение
definition
a situation in which no action can be taken or progress made; deadlock

synonyms
deadlock, standoff, impasse

collocations
[a political, a diplomatic, a budget, an economic] stalemate; to reach/ break/ end
plausible 
правдоподобный,
вероятный
definition
having an appearance of truth or reason; seemingly worthy of approval or acceptance; credible; believable

synonyms
credible, probable, reasonable, convincing, feasible

collocations
[reason, explanation, theory];
[assumption, solution, alternative]
consent 
согласие,
разрешение,
соглашаться
definition
to permit, approve, or agree; comply or yield

synonyms
agree, approve, acquiesce, sanction, permit, concede, yield  

collocations
[providing, provided that, even if] both partners consent
urge 
убеждать, 
побуждать,
настаивать
definition
to encourage forcefully; to impel to greater speed, to recommend, insist, stress

synonyms
encourage, nudge, incite, impel, recommend, propose 

collocations
urge smb to [see, try, reconsider];
urge a plan of action; urge the need for [safety, new measures]
inclination 
предрасположение,
предрасположенность, 
склонность
definition
a disposition or bent (of the mind or will); a liking or preference; a tendency toward a certain condition, action

synonyms
tendency, affinity, preference, leaning, propensity, predisposition, bias

collocations
strong/ little/ natural; inclination to yield/ compete/ amplify
purview 
компетенция, 
сфера, 
область, 
границы, 
нормы закона
definition
the range of operation, authority, concern/ of vision, insight, or understanding

synonyms
range, reach, scope

collocationsunder/ outside the purview; agency’s purview; purview includes/ will expand

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