HIGHLIGHTS
- read the article paying attention to the words in bold
- summarize the main ideas
- comment on the ideas expressed by the author
- compose 3 questions for discussion
FOCUS WORDS
| (un)viable | (не)состоятельный, (не)жизнеспособный, (не)рентабельный |
| populous | густонаселенный, многолюдный |
| subsequent | последующий, более поздний |
| perspective | вид, точка зрения, видение, подход |
| putative | предполагаемый, мнимый |
| impel | побуждать, принуждать |
| tentatively | предварительно, в предварительном порядке, ориентировочно |
| compatible | совместимый, сочетаемый |
| indispensable | необходимый, незаменимый, обязательный |
| backlash | отрицательная реакция, ответный удар |
PREPOSITIONS
- marked by
- concluded with
- within the framework
- under the provisions
- regard as
- shield by
- associate with
- against the background
- perspective on
- dissent from
Are the BRICS Breaking Up?
Jul 7, 2022 Shashi Tharoor
Shashi Tharoor, a former UN under-secretary-general and former Indian Minister of State for External Affairs and Minister of State for Human Resource Development, is an MP for the Indian National Congress. He is the author, most recently, of Pride, Prejudice and Punditry: The Essential Shashi Tharoor (Aleph Book Company, 2021).
India has always been the indispensable swing vowel in the BRICS acronym. If the bloc’s current strategic direction and possible enlargement push the country toward the exit, the grouping will become not just unpronounceable, but also unviable.
NEW DELHI – The recent virtual BRICS summit, which brought together the heads of state and government of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, was interesting as much for what did not happen as for what did. The two-day gathering was marked by some constructive discussion but also platitudes and pablum, and concluded with a grandly titled but thoroughly anodyne “Beijing Declaration.”
Few doubt the huge potential of the BRICS, which comprises the world’s two most populous countries (China and India), a former superpower (Russia), and two of the biggest economies in Latin America and Africa. But the grouping’s record since the first annual BRIC meeting in 2009 (South Africa joined the bloc the following year) has mostly been a story of lofty rhetoric and chronic underachievement.
The Beijing Declaration states that the BRICS High-Level Dialogue is an opportunity to deepen cooperation in the fight against COVID-19, digital transformation, supply-chain resilience and stability, and low-carbon development. All these goals are being pursued in a variety of multilateral forums.
More hypocritically, the declaration condemned terrorism and called for the finalization and adoption of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism within the United Nations framework. This rang rather hollow, since the summit took place just days after China blocked a joint proposal by India and the United States to designate the Pakistan-based terrorist Abdul Rehman Makki as an international terrorist under the provisions of the UN Sanctions Committee.
India and the US have long regarded Pakistan, which notoriously sheltered Osama bin Laden, as an enabler of international terrorism. But Pakistan gets away with it because it is shielded by China at the UN.
This was not the first time that China has stymied proposals for the Sanctions Committee to list known Pakistan-based terrorists. It has repeatedly blocked efforts to designate as international terrorists Masood Azhar, chief of the UN-proscribed terrorist entity Jaish-e-Mohammed, and others associated with the equally murderous Lashkar-e-Taiba. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi pointedly stated at the BRICS summit that the group’s members should understand each other’s security concerns and provide mutual support in the designation of terrorists, adding that this sensitive issue should not be “politicized.”
It was against this background that China, the summit chair, floated a proposal to enlarge the group by accepting new members, and subsequent reports claimed that Argentina and Iran had applied to join. But the matter was not officially discussed at the meeting and featured only tentatively in the closing declaration. Underlying the enlargement issue are two questions that go to the heart of the BRICS grouping. First, is it a largely economic organization or a geopolitical one? Second, if the BRICS is primarily a geopolitical bloc, will it become the principal vehicle for the emergence of a global axis led by China and Russia – a goal that China appears to support and that the proposed enlargement, and the putative candidates, seems intended to serve? In that case, what is India doing in it? As to the first question, the BRIC acronym – created by then-Goldman Sachs economist Jim O’Neill in 2001 – was initially impelled by a vision of economic cooperation. The four (later five) emerging markets’ shared and compatible perspectives on issues of global governance reform certainly provided a raison d’être. But their common concerns about the direction of global development and the power of the Western-dominated Bretton Woods institutions meant that the group’s agenda was political as well. The BRICS seemed to be emerging as the premier platform of the Global South, articulating developing countries’ dissent from the so-called Washington Consensus – a tendency underscored by the addition of South Africa, the only African economy in the G20. In recent years, however, the global environment has changed dramatically. A backlash against globalization and a US-China trade war, as well as heightened suspicions among US policymakers of China’s geopolitical intentions, have been compounded by military hostilities between China and India, including the killing of 20 Indian soldiers along the countries’ disputed Himalayan border in 2020. As a result, the BRICS appears to be undergoing an identity crisis. Indian foreign-policy mandarins initially saw the group as a useful platform to increase India’s international influence, in keeping with its traditional role as a leader of the developing world. But India is plainly uneasy about efforts to turn the bloc into a geopolitical forum supporting Chinese and Russian interests – and to enlarge it to include other “like-minded” states such as Iran. (Brazil has also maintained a studied silence on Argentina’s reported membership application.) India is said to have had a crucial hand in the drafting of the Beijing Declaration’s single reference to the bloc’s enlargement, buried deep within the 75-paragraph document. Paragraph 73 states: “We support promoting discussions among BRICS members on [the] BRICS expansion process. We stress the need to clarify the guiding principles, standards, criteria, and procedures for this expansion process through [the] Sherpas’ channel on the basis of full consultation and consensus.” Sir Humphrey Appleby, the famously circumlocutory British bureaucrat in the Yes Minister television series, could not have put it better, except perhaps for adding “in the fullness of time.” The meaning is clear: “Full consultation” is a recipe for indefinite delay and the insistence on “consensus” means that at least one state will ensure that enlargement never happens.
It appears that China has not taken India fully into its confidence regarding BRICS expansion plans and the pending applications. India can scarcely be expected to welcome an enlargement of the BRICS that is intended to make the bloc more China-centric. There are also the inevitable concerns about whether, given China’s patronage, Pakistan would be next in line to join. India has always been the indispensable swing vowel in the BRICS acronym. If the bloc’s current strategic direction and possible enlargement push the country toward the exit, the grouping will become not just unpronounceable, but also unviable.
DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION QUESTIONS
- What role does India play in the BRICS, and how might the group be affected if India were to leave?
- What has been the track record of the BRICS since its inception, and why has it been difficult for the group to achieve its goals?
- What are some potential areas of cooperation and growth for the BRICS in the coming years, and how might the group evolve to address new challenges?
LANGUAGE REVIEW
FLASHCARDS
SYNONYMS
MATCH THE WORD WITH ITS TRANSLATION
| unviable | отрицательная реакция, ответный удар |
| populous | несостоятельный, нежизнеспособный, нерентабельный |
| subsequent | вид, точка зрения, видение, подход |
| perspective | последующий, более поздний |
| putative | предполагаемый, мнимый |
| impel | густонаселенный, многолюдный |
| tentatively | совместимый, сочетаемый |
| compatible | предварительно, в предварительном порядке, ориентировочно |
| indispensable | побуждать, принуждать |
| backlash | необходимый, незаменимый, обязательный |
MATCH THE WORD WITH ITS DEFINITION
| unviable | to urge forward; to force, incite or constrain to action |
| populous | one’s opinion about facts, ideas, and the relationships |
| subsequent | a strong or violent reaction, as to some social or political change |
| perspective | incapable of being done, accomplished, existing, taking place, or proving true |
| putative | consistent; capable of existing or living together in harmony |
| impel | occurring after; succeeding |
| tentatively | necessary or essential; incapable of being disregarded or neglected |
| compatible | containing many people; heavily populated |
| indispensable | unsure; not definite or positive; hesitant; of the nature of or made or done as a trial, experiment, or attempt; experimental |
| backlash | commonly regarded as such; reputed; supposed |
MATCH THE WORD WITH ITS SYNONYMS
| unviable | presumed, supposed, alleged, assumed |
| populous | next, following , succeeding, successive |
| subsequent | consistent, in accord, nonconflicting |
| perspective | infeasible, impossible, implausible, impracticable, unrealistic |
| putative | adverse reaction, response, repercussions, consequences, recoil |
| impel | viewpoint, angle, view, position, outlook, standpoint |
| tentatively | experimentally, conditionally, provisionally |
| compatible | essential, vital, crucial, necessary, critical, integral |
| indispensable | crowded, populated |
| backlash | drive, force, urge, set in motion, propel |
MATCH THE WORD WITH ITS COLLOCATIONS
| unviable | agreement, decision, understanding, judgment, conclusion |
| populous | element of, tool, asset, part |
| subsequent | option, plan, suggestion, solution, strategy |
| perspective | stages, phases, periods |
| putative | system, program |
| impel | option, plan, suggestion, solution, strategy |
| tentatively | partner, leader, domination |
| compatible | to produce, to exercise, to connect, to act |
| indispensable | political, social, media |
| backlash | different, common, new, unique |
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES BY FILLING IN FOCUS WORDS
backlash compatible putative perspective indispensable populous tentatively subsequent viable impelled | 1. Solar panels were not yet commercially ………… ; the mainstreaming of electric vehicles was still decades away. 2. The world’s most ………… country has reached a pivotal moment: China’s population has begun to shrink, after a steady, yearslong decline in its birth rate that experts say will be irreversible. 3. Many developing countries borrowed heavily over the past three years to cope with the pandemic and ………… economic downturn. 4. Mr. Biden approaches Irish issues from a sentimental rather than a diplomatic ………… . 5. In the political realm, the coronavirus has handed those who denounce immigration ………… evidence for their warnings. 6. African nations are confronting a massive wave of urbanization, ………… by rising living standards, agricultural mechanization and climate change. 7. Business leaders and top economists argue that reforms are needed to convince investors to start pouring money again into Latin America’s largest economy, which is ………… emerging from a deep recession. 8. The country’s central bank laws are not ………… with euro zone legislation on the European Central Bank and Bulgaria’s inflation is too high. 9. Qatar, many energy experts said, is becoming the Saudi Arabia of natural gas — an ………… energy supplier with vast reserves and very low costs. 10. The prospect of the Biden administration making trade deals that would benefit other nations could generate ………… in Washington. |
MATCH THE COLLOCATIONS FROM THE TEXT
| 1. repeatedly block | a) concerns |
| 2. sensitive issues | b) constructive discussion |
| 3. inevitable | c) military hostilities |
| 4. doubt | d) proposals |
| 5. compounded by | e) applications |
| 6. pending | f) efforts |
| 7. marked by | g) of the Committee |
| 8. promote | h) the huge potential |
| 9. stymied | i) discussions among members |
| 10. under the provisions | j) should not be politicized |
COMPOSE MEANINGFUL SENTENCES BASED ON FOCUS WORDS AND COLLOCATIONS FROM THE TEXT
E.g. _____________ compatible with goals _____________
→ Scientists have repeatedly warned that any new fossil fuel projects are not compatible with global climate goals.
_________ an unviable route through _________
_________ most populous country _________
_________ in a subsequent meeting _________
_________ share the perspective _________
_________ claiming the putative results of _________
_________ felt impelled to connect with an audience _________
_________ tentatively accepted the deal _________
_________ was not compatible with plans _________
_________ become indispensable to the public _________
_________ faced a backlash from _________
PREPOSITIONS
- marked ___
- concluded ___
- ___ the framework
- ___ the provisions
- regard ___
- shield ___
- associate ___
- ___ the background
- perspective ___
- dissent ___
GRAMMAR MIX
- So far, more than 80 associations from around the world ________ together to send a unified message to the APEC trade ministers: Re-engage and quickly conclude the ITA.
- came
- have come
- are coming
- will come
2. Poland and Hungary, along with the Czech Republic, ________ to accept migrant quotas hastily imposed by the EU in 2015 as well over a million people, mostly Syrians fleeing conflict, entered Europe.
- have refused
- were refused
- refused
- had refused
3. For Morocco, important nondiscriminatory concessions ________ as part of its free trade agreement with the United States; once effective, the provisions in that agreement ________ the sector significantly.
- were included; will open
- are included; would open
- included; would have opened
- have been included; will open
4. Performance in the region ________ by a narrow economic base, low productivity, and lack of integration in the world economy, as reflected in its modest nonoil trade share.
- hampered
- hampers
- is hampered
- will be hampered
5. Recruiting agents are not permitted to engage in recruiting activities unless a license ________ for this purpose from the Ministry.
- is obtained
- will be obtained
- would be obtained
- is being obtained
6. Transregional institutions such as the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) or the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) have a more diffuse membership which does not necessarily coincide with regional organizations and ________ include member states from more than two regions.
- may
- should
- ought to
- has to
7. Saudi Arabia and the UAE have actively sought investments in Iraq, and that effort has gathered pace this year, with Riyadh ________ funds to support investments in infrastructure, mining, agriculture, real estate development and financial services.
- will allocate
- allocated
- allocating
- has allocated
8. The Scottish government has repeatedly denied suggestions that it interfered in the award of the contracts ________ would have been a breach of EU procurement laws.
- which
- that
- when
- , which
9. Most of the countries have a narrow trade base, ________ , and—outside of petroleum—very low merchandise trade within the region.
- although
- so
- however
- hence
10 Jobs for the least competitive and most vulnerable segments of the population will disappear; ________, the EAEU member states need to consider the possibility of implementing special measures to support adaptation of such categories of citizens to the potential difficulties that they may experience along with the development of the digital economy.
- therefore
- however
- whereas
- since
VOCABULARY NOTES
| (un)viable (не)состоятельный, (не)жизнеспособный, (не)рентабельный | definition (in)capable of being done, accomplished, existing, taking place, or proving true synonyms (in)feasible, (im)possible, (im)plausible, (im)practicable, (un)realistic collocations (not) a viable [option, plan, suggestion, solution, strategy] |
| populous густонаселенный, многолюдный | definition containing many people; heavily populated synonyms crowded, populated collocations a populous area, place, society, nations |
| subsequent последующий, более поздний | definition occurring after; succeeding synonyms next, following , succeeding, successive collocations the subsequent [stages, phases, periods] (of)the subsequent [increase, decrease, growth] [in, of](and) its subsequent [impact, effect] [on, in](and) the subsequent [attempts, efforts] to |
| perspective вид, точка зрения, видение, подход | definition one’s opinion about facts, ideas, and the relationships synonyms viewpoint, angle, view, position, outlook, standpoint collocations a [different, common, new, unique] perspective (on) a [new, fresh] perspective on life the [editor’s, reader’s, viewer’s] perspective |
| putative предполагаемый, мнимый | definition commonly regarded as such; reputed; supposed synonyms presumed, supposed, alleged, assumed collocations putative partner, leader, domination |
| impel побуждать, принуждать | definition to urge forward; to force, incite or constrain to action synonyms drive, force, urge, set in motion, propel collocations impel to produce, to exercise, to connect, to act |
| tentatively предварительно, в предварительном порядке, ориентировочно | definition unsure; not definite or positive; hesitant; of the nature of or made or done as a trial, experiment, or attempt;experimental synonyms experimentally, conditionally, provisionally collocations a tentative [agreement, decision, understanding, judgment, conclusion] |
| compatible совместимый, сочетаемый | definition consistent; capable of existing or living together in harmony synonyms consistent, in accord, nonconflicting collocations compatible [system, program] |
| indispensable необходимый, незаменимый, обязательный | definition necessary or essential; incapable of being disregarded or neglected synonyms essential, vital, crucial, necessary, critical, integral collocations an indispensable element of/ tool/ asset/ part an indispensable [staff member, employee, worker] |
| backlash отрицательная реакция, ответный удар | definition a strong or violent reaction, as to some social or political change synonyms adverse reaction, response, repercussions, consequences, recoil collocations a (political, social, media) backlash (if) |